Nature-Inspired Fasteners: A Comprehensive Review of Biomimetic Tribology and Sustainable Applications in The Automotive Industry

Abstract

Industrial fastening systems are undergoing a profound transformation as sustainability,
electrification, and advanced material technologies reshape manufacturing priorities. Conventional
joining methods—such as bolts, rivets, and welding—have served reliably for decades, yet they impose
significant drawbacks in modern applications, including excess weight, stress concentrations in
composites, and challenges in end-of-life disassembly. These limitations conflict with emerging goals of
lightweight design, recyclability, and rapid assembly, particularly in the automotive sector.
Nature provides a rich source of inspiration for overcoming these challenges. Through billions of years
of evolution, biological systems have developed attachment strategies that combine strength, adaptability,
and efficiency. Biomimicry, the practice of translating these natural principles into engineering solutions,
offers innovative fastening concepts that minimize energy use, enable reversible connections, and support
circular economy objectives. This review explores key biological models—such as hook-and-loop
mechanisms, dry adhesion systems, anisotropic interlocks, and underwater chemical bonding—and
examines their engineering analogues in automotive design. By integrating these biomimetic strategies,
manufacturers can achieve lighter structures, reduce assembly complexity, and enhance recyclability
without compromising performance. The paper concludes by highlighting the role of biomimetic fasteners
as a critical enabler for sustainable mobility and next-generation electric vehicles.