Evaluation of Static and Dynamic Slope Stability with Rock Bolt Reinforcement: İzmir State Road Case Study

Abstract

This study investigates a proposed remediation method for a rock slope located along a state highway in İzmir, Turkey. Preliminary assessment and detailed investigations within the research area revealed a potential for slope failure, particularly along the section adjacent to an underground storage tank, posing significant risks to roadway safety and infrastructure. Geological characterization and laboratory testing were conducted to determine the mechanical and shear properties of the rock units, providing essential input for subsequent stability analyses. A kinematic analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of bedding planes, joint sets, and discontinuity orientations on the overall stability of the slope. The analysis identified potential failure mechanisms, including wedge formation and toppling of rock blocks, which are primarily controlled by the geometry and spacing of the existing discontinuities. To further quantify slope behavior, a detailed slope stability assessment was carried out using both static and dynamic loading conditions to simulate natural and seismic forces, enabling the identification of critical failure surfaces and the most vulnerable zones. Subsequently, the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) was applied to model the reinforced slope and to evaluate various stabilization strategies. The analyses demonstrated that the implementation of fully grouted rock bolts effectively increases slope stability by enhancing shear resistance along potential failure planes and providing confinement to unstable blocks. The results of this study provide a systematic and evidence-based approach to designing reinforcement measures, contributing to the safe and sustainable maintenance of critical transportation infrastructure.