Miltefosine Treatment in Canine Leishmaniasis: A Preliminary Study from Albania

Abstract

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL), caused by Leishmania infantum, is endemic in Albania and across the Mediterranean region, where dogs serve as the primary domestic reservoir. Although miltefosine treatment against leishmaniasis in dogs has demonstrated efficacy in Mediterranean countries, data from Albania remain limited. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of miltefosine medication in eight dogs naturally infected with leishmaniasis over a 9-week period. Dogs received oral miltefosine medication at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Clinical signs, as well as hematological and biochemical parameters, were assessed at baseline and at weeks 3, 6, and 9. A rapid improvement in anemia was observed during medical treatment, with seven out of eight dogs achieving normal erythrocyte counts by week 6. Leukocytosis persisted in all affected dogs, while leukopenias get worse in some cases. Hyperglobulinemia and a decreased albumin/globulin ratio remained evident throughout the study, reflecting ongoing immune activation. No evidence of renal or hepatic toxicity was detected, indicating good tolerability. These findings suggest that miltefosine is an effective and safe medical treatment for canine leishmaniasis in Albania, promoting hematological recovery while preserving organ function. However, persistent immunological alterations highlight the importance of continued monitoring. Miltefosine may be considered a first-line therapeutic option in endemic Albanian settings.