International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches

Future of Work, Future of Privacy: Analyzing Trends in Remote Work and Advanced Data Protection Strategies

MSc. Zhyljen Sava — 2025-04-11

The rapid adoption of remote work, propelled by technological advancements and global
shifts, has introduced significant challenges to personal data protection. This paper analyzes key trends
impacting data security in remote work environments, evaluates advanced data protection strategies, and
examines legal and ethical implications. Through a systematic literature review, case studies, and
comparative security analysis, it identifies critical vulnerabilities and proposes actionable
recommendations for organizations and policymakers.
The research investigates the increasing reliance on cloud services, BYOD policies, and employee
monitoring, which amplify data security risks. It explores the effectiveness of zero-trust architecture,
encryption, and privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) in mitigating these risks. Legal analysis addresses
compliance challenges due to varying cross-border data transfer regulations. Ethical considerations
surrounding employee monitoring, particularly privacy infringements and the potential for eroding
employee trust, are also examined.
Findings emphasize the need for multi-layered security approaches to address evolving security threats.
Advanced strategies must be implemented with careful consideration of the associated legal and ethical
dimensions, ensuring a balance between security and individual rights. International data protection laws
necessitate harmonization to ensure seamless compliance and facilitate secure data flows across borders.
The paper underscores the importance of balancing organizational security with individual privacy rights,
highlighting the necessity of transparent policies and employee education. This research aims to inform
proactive security frameworks for robust compliance and sustainable data protection in the evolving
remote work landscape, contributing to best practices for a secure digital future.

Yoruba Architectural Design Generative System: A Machine Learning Approach Using Shape Grammar and Teachable Machine Models

AbdulRaheem Bolaji Olakanbi — 2025-04-11

This study presents an architectural language for Yoruba-Agboile (courtyard type) traditional
architecture, addressing the need for a comprehensive understanding of its plan layouts within physical and
socio-cultural contexts. The aim is to define and categorize architectural elements using an analytical shape
grammar approach, drawing from the recent compilations. Utilizing a mixed-methods strategy, the research
involved field surveys, archival research, shape grammar and machine learning techniques, specifically a
shapegraphic AI model, to analyze existing designs.
Key findings indicate that Yoruba-Agboile architecture features a distinct courtyard organization,
enhancing social interaction and cultural practices. The model successfully classified various plan types,
highlighting a coherent vocabulary of architectural elements such as the hypo-courtyard (Agbala) and
corridor (C). The study concludes that traditional Yoruba-Agboile architecture can inform contemporary
designs while maintaining cultural significance.
Recommendations include further research into the spatial structures of Yoruba architecture and the
application of generative shape grammar systems to foster deeper academic and practical insights into this
architectural heritage. This approach could bridge traditional design principles with modern architectural
practices, enhancing the appreciation and preservation of Yoruba cultural identity in contemporary
contexts.

Effects of local soil class on dynamic behavior of masonry structures

Ali Ekber Sever — 2025-04-11

Masonry structures are a pervasive construction type in our country, particularly in rural and
historical settlement areas, due to their economic and straightforward construction. Nevertheless, the
seismic resistance of such structures is generally low and is significantly affected by soil properties. This
study investigates the effects of different soil classes on the dynamic behaviour of a multi-storey masonry
structure. To this end, a prototype three-storey masonry structure was modelled in the SAP2000 program,
and modal analysis and time history analyses were conducted for five distinct soil classes as defined in
TBDY 2018. The modal analysis yielded the first natural period of the structure as 0.084 s. The time history
analysis results demonstrated that the soil class had a significant effect on the structural responses. While
the ZC soil class produced the highest base shear force, displacement and stress values, the ZE soil class
produced the lowest values. The findings indicate the effect of soil conditions on the structural behaviour
and emphasise the necessity of considering the soil-structure interaction in the earthquake design of
masonry structures.

Histological study of reproductive organs in albino rats treated with Aspartame

Haneen Hussien Al-Jelawi — 2025-04-11

Objective: The study aimed to know the effect of the sweetener aspartame on the histological
structure of the reproductive organs .
Methodology: the current study was conducted on 30 pregnant female rats, who were given oral doses of
aspartame at a concentration of (8 mg/kg) starting from the zero day of the females’ pregnancy until after
birth. After that, the newborns (male and female) were separated from their mothers they were divided in
to 3 equal groups, the G1: was considered a control group. The G2: included only male who were given
oral doses of aspartame at a concentration of (8 mg/kg). the G3: included only female who were given oral
doses of aspartame at a concentration of (8 mg/kg). each group ware dosed until reached puberty. after that
the animals were sacrificed and the histological sections of the ovary and testis tissue were made .
Results: the histological sections results for testis tissue showed many changes where they included the
appearance of destruction of sperm- producing cells, intratubular hemorrhage, degeneration of sperm-
producing cells, seminiferous tubule atrophy, low sperms and scatter of sperm- producing cells., there were
also changes in the histological composition of the ovary tissue represented by absence of most stages of
ovarian follicle development, abundance atretic follicle, pulp tissue distraction, corpus luteum with
granulocytes and occur bleeding in it and ovarian tissue destruction.
conclusion
Our study showed that the sweetener aspartame causes significant damage to the tissue structure of the
reproductive organs in both the ovaries and testes after long-term consumption it .

Menisküs Yaralanmalarında Açık Kinetik Zincir ve Kapalı Kinetik Zincir Egzersizlerinin Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Sibel Gayretli Atan — 2025-04-11

Çalışmanın amacı menisküs yaralanmalarının konservatif tedavisinde açık kinetik zincir ve kapalı
kinetik zincir egzersizlerinin etkisini değerlendirmektir. Diz ağrısının başlıca nedenleri arasında menisküs
yaralanmaları önemli bir rol oynar. İnsidans 100.000’de 60-70 ve erkeklerin etkilenim oranı kadınların 2,5
katıdır. Menisküs yırtıkları travmatik ve dejeneratif olmak üzere iki başlıkta kategorize edilir. Dejeneratif
menisküs yırtıkları uzun sürede ortaya çıkar ve orta-ileri yaştaki bireylerde gözlenir. Travmatik menisküs
yaralanmaları ise genellikle genç bireylerde travma veya spor esnasında görülebilir. Hastalığın başlıca
semptomları ödem, ağrı, kilitlenme, takılma, fonksiyonda ve günlük yaşam kalitesinde azalmadır.
Hastalığın konservatif tedavisinde öncelikle konsevatif tedavi tercih edilir. Konservatif tedavi yöntemleri
aktivite modifikasyonu, buz ve antienflamatuar ilaçlardır. Ayrıca fizyoterapi ve rehabilitasyon yöntemleri
konservatif tedavinin temelini oluşturur. Egzersizler ise en çok kullanılan fizyoterapi metodudur. Kapalı
kinetik zincir egzersizleri ve açık kinetik zincir egzersizleri başlıca egzersizlerdendir. Literatürde bu
egzersizlerin ayrı ayrı veya kombinasyonu şeklinde kullanımının olduğu çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Cerrahi
sonrası açık kinetik ve kapalı kinetik zincir egzersizlerinin etkisinin değerlendirildiği 4 haftalık bir
çalısmada acık kinetik zincir egzersizlerinin Quadriceps kas kuvveti etkisinde daha büyük gelişmeler
sağladığını tespit edilmiştir. Bir başka çalışmada kapalı kinetik zincir egzersizlerinin ön çapraz bağ cerrahisi
sonrası daha az ağrı ve laksiteye neden olduğu belirtilmektedir. Literatürdeki bir diğer çalışmada ise açık
ve kapalı kinetik zincir egzersizlerinin kombinasyonun yalnızca kapalı kinetik zincir egzersizlerinden daha
iyi sonuçlar doğurduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak literatürde hangi egzersizin daha etkin olduğuyla ilgili limitli
çalışma vardır. Tüm bu veriler ışığında biz menisküs yırtığı olan hastalarda açık kinetik zincir ve kapalı
kinetik zincir egzersizlerinin etkisini derlemeyi amaçladık.

Lattice and Topology Optimization of Additively Manufactured Turbine Blade

Ali Yagiz Ozyilmaz — 2025-04-11

The main purpose of the current study has been the structural analysis and topology
optimization of turbine blade model that is fabricated using additively manufactured alloy. Additively
manufactured alloys are widely utilized in applications such as aerospace and biomedical. The
microstructure of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V is known to exhibit columnar β grains and a
lamellar α phase, which can induce anisotropy in mechanical properties;an important consideration in
turbine blade design. The reason for why these alloys are selected is due to their high strength-to-weight
ratio and corrosion resistance in several applications. In this study a static structural analysis was
performed with 9 kN centrifugal forces in both X and Z directions to simulate actuality conditions. The
turbine blade was fixed along Z-axis and deformation, elastic strain, equivalent stress and strain energy
were calculated. Results showed that total deformation increased from fixation region to blade tip with
maximum deformation of 6.5 mm. Elastic strain distribution had minimum values near fixation region
and blade tips and maximum strain values are observed around blade stem with values between 0.003
0.005 mm/mm. Elastic strain distribution exhibited minimum values near the fixation region and blade
tips, while maximum strain values were observed around the blade stem, ranging between 0.003-0.005
mm/mm. Equivalent stress patterns has a similar tendency with the elastic strain distribution, and its with
maximum stress values ranges between 544 MPa and 326 MPa. Strain energy distribution had its peak
value of 105 mJ at the mid section of the blade. To reduce weight, lattice structures were added to the
design with highest density near fixation region (0.778-0.667) and moderate density around blade stem
(0.445-0.556). A topology optimized design was generated with a dome like structure near the turbine
blade stem which is different from the initial geometry. These results can be used to improve turbine
blade design by optimized material distribution and structural efficiency.

Harnessing Coastal Winds: Metaheuristic Optimization of Onshore Wind Power Costs in Digha, West Bengal

Prasun Bhattacharjee — 2025-04-11

The economic viability of onshore wind energy is critical for sustainable power generation,
particularly in coastal regions with abundant wind resources. This study presents a metaheuristic-based
optimization framework for minimizing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for onshore wind power
generation in Digha, West Bengal, leveraging Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO). A comprehensive comparative analysis reveals that GA achieves a lower generation cost of USD
0.0031 per kWh, outperforming PSO, which yields USD 0.0043 per kWh. The enhanced performance of
GA is attributed to its superior global search efficiency and adaptability in complex optimization
landscapes, leading to more effective wind turbine placement and power dispatch strategies. These findings
underscore the efficacy of evolutionary algorithms in optimizing wind energy systems, offering valuable
insights for policymakers and energy planners aiming to enhance the cost-effectiveness of renewable
energy deployment in coastal regions.

Examining STEM Education in Albania: A Survey Proposal

Robert Kosova — 2025-04-11

STEM education, (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), plays a vital role in
developing students' abilities in analysis, problem-solving, and critical thinking, which are essential for
their success in higher education and future careers. In Albania, recently implemented education reforms
have aimed to update the education system and align it with international, particularly European Union,
standards. Despite these initiatives, there remains a significant gap between the STEM education provided
in high schools and the demands of university courses, creating considerable difficulties for students
pursuing scientific and engineering fields. This paper highlights several key challenges facing STEM
education in Albania, such as limited resources, outdated lab equipment, and a lack of the technological
infrastructure needed to teach advanced STEM topics. The situation is further complicated by insufficient
teacher training, as many educators are not prepared to apply modern teaching methods like computational
thinking or project-based learning. Moreover, there are gaps in the curriculum, as high school programs fail
to adequately cover the abstract scientific and mathematical concepts required for university-level
education. To tackle these issues, this research emphasizes the urgent need to create a STEM knowledge
questionnaire for Albanian high school and university students.

Intent Discovery Pipeline using Z-Bert-A

Abdullah Aijaz — 2025-04-23

This paper introduces a novel approach to handling unknown intents in dialogue systems by
proposing a custom intent discovery pipeline using Z-BERT-A. Developed in Python, this pipeline is
specifically designed to address intents that are not predefined within the system. The development of this
solution is guided by a comprehensive literature review, which examines existing models and techniques,
including rule-based, machine learning, and deep learning approaches. Experimental results on the SNLI
and banking datasets demonstrate that Z-BERT-A outperforms other models in managing unknown intents.
The proposed pipeline integrates Z-BERT-A and customizes its source code, creating a flexible and
generalized solution for intent discovery. Capable of handling unseen intents, this pipeline is crucial for
modern dialogue systems used in triage scenarios. Additionally, it is resource-efficient, easily adaptable to
various domains, and integrates seamlessly into existing systems. The pipeline also incorporates
preprocessing and postprocessing steps to ensure accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. The paper concludes
by evaluating the pipeline’s performance through multiple metrics, comparing it to other state-of-the-art
models.

Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Pavement Design in Pakistan

Abdul Rafay Ali — 2025-04-23

Roads are vital to societal development but require significant materials and energy, resulting in
environmental and economic concerns. In Pakistan, road infrastructure planning often prioritizes cost while
neglecting environmental impacts. This research integrates Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost
Analysis (LCCA) to evaluate the dual effects of traffic on road infrastructure, focusing on greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions and pavement costs. Analysis of traffic volume and emissions monitoring highlights a
significant rise in GHG emissions with increasing traffic, emphasizing the environmental burden of existing
practices. LCCA results indicate that rigid pavements are more cost-effective over their life cycle compared to
flexible pavements, considering construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation costs. By addressing the gap in
Pakistan’s road infrastructure policies, this work advocates for strategies that balance ecological sustainability
with economic efficiency, offering insights into long-term, environmentally responsible development.

Mathematics of Risk Management using Unimodular Matrix. Interpolation and Numerical Simulations

Shkelqim Hajrulla — 2025-04-23

In this research, we review the state of mathematics of risk research in business, and we position
our intended contribution within the research space along the dimensions of decision support and its
application within numerical simulations to AI service management processes. The aim of this study is to
solve the problem of managing multifactorial risks using numerical methods to determine the optimal risk
management trajectories separately for each factor.
We start from a constructive and quantitative re-definition of some terms that are widely used in IT service
management. We show that the techniques we use - in particular the simulation of an IT organization
enacting the incident management process – bring considerable benefits both when the performance is
measured in terms of traditional IT metrics. IT service management processes and we present a
methodology and a tool consistent with the framework for approaching the general problem in that
particular one. The situation of risk involves the identification of several behaviors, during which one can
make a choice in the direction of risk or reliability.The solution is quite rich, and features components that
orchestrate together advanced techniques in visualization, simulation, data mining and operations research.

Kısaltmabirimlerin İdeolojik İşlevleri: Brave New World, 1984 ve Fahrenheit 451 Örneği

Özge Can — 2025-04-23

Kısaltma işlemi, dilin sadeleştirilmesi veya ekonomik kullanımı için kullanılan bir düzenektir.
Kısaltma süreciyle elde edilen kısaltmabirimlerin verimliliği ve hızı artırmak, uzun yinelemelerin önüne
geçmek, alanı etkin kullanmak, karmaşık kavramları sesbilgisel açıdan daha kısa bir yükle ifade etmek vb.
gibi işlevleri bulunmaktadır. Bu hedeflerin yanı sıra kısaltmabirimlerin bilinçli olarak ideolojik bir araç
olarak da kodlandığı savunusunu ortaya atan çalışmamız, genellikle gelecekteki/olası otoriter yönetimler,
baskıcı toplum düzeni, toplumsal denetleme yöntemleri, bireysel özgürlüğün kısıtlanması gibi konuları
odağına alan distopik kurgularda ideolojinin kısaltmabirimler aracılığıyla temsil edildiğini ortaya koymayı
amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda yazına, politikaya ve popüler kültüre damgasını vuran 1932, 1949
ve 1953 yıllarında yayımlanmış üç distopik kurguda kısaltmabirimlerin ne/ler oldukları belirlenmiş, söz
konusu işlevleri tartışılmıştır. Alanyazında sıklıkla yapısal ve yalnızca kullanım amaçları doğrultusunda
işlevsel düzlemde ele alınan kısaltmabirimlerin, ideolojik bir araç olarak kodlandığının ortaya
koyulmasıyla, çalışmamız özgün ve öncü niteliğiyle alana katkı sağlamaktadır.

Analysis of Cross Polarization in Optical Systems

Mey Chern Loh — 2025-04-23

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of angle of incidence and off-axis angle
on the cross-polarization of a Gaussian beam. The phenomenon of cross-polarization pertains to the
alteration in the polarization of electromagnetic waves resulting from reflection, refraction, or scattering
during propagation. In optical systems, the suppression of cross-polarization is a crucial aspect that must
be addressed to ensure the quality and performance of the signal. The phenomenon of cross-polarization
has a significant impact on telecommunication, radar, and optical imaging. It can lead to signal loss and
higher error rates, which in turn affects system reliability and data accuracy. This research will provide
theoretical support to help devices maintain the ability to make accurate measurements to maintain the
desired polarization state, thereby improving the operational reliability of optical systems and ensuring
high-quality signal transmission and accurate imaging in modern optical systems.

Kontrolsüz Dolgu Alanlarında Dolgu Karakteristiğinin ve Geometrisinin Tespiti, Gözlenen Mühendislik Jeolojisi Problemleri, Çözüm Önerileri, İzmir Pancar Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Örneği

Ahmet AKDEMİR — 2025-04-23

Bu çalışma ile İzmir İli, Torbalı İlçesi sınırlarında yer alan Pancar Organize Sanayi Bölgesi'nde
bulunan kontrolsüz dolgu alanlarının mühendislik jeolojisi açısından değerlendirilmesini amaçlamaktadır.
Kontrolsüz dolgular, herhangi bir mühendislik tasarımı ve kalite kontrolü olmadan, farklı türdeki zemin
malzemelerinin düzensiz bir şekilde serilip sıkıştırılmasıyla oluşmakta ve üzerine yapılacak inşaat
faaliyetleri açısından ciddi riskler taşımaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, dolgu karakteristiğinin ve
geometrisinin belirlenmesi, dolgu ile tabii zemin arasındaki ayrımın ortaya konulması ve mevcut ya da
olası mühendislik problemlerinin tespit edilerek çözüm önerilerinin geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir.
Arazi çalışmaları kapsamında farklı parsellerde 55 adet zemin etüt sondajı gerçekleştirilmiş ve bu
sondajlardan belirli aralıklarla Standart Penetrasyon Deneyi (SPT) uygulanarak zemin sınıflamaları
yapılmıştır. Ayrıca 5 noktada gerçekleştirilen presiyometre deneyleri ile zeminlerin elastisite modülü ve
limit basınç değerleri elde edilmiştir. SPT ve presiyometre verileri karşılaştırıldığında, kontrolsüz dolgu
ile tabii zemin arasında belirgin anomali değerleri gözlemlenmiş ve bu farklılık, yapı temellerinin taşıma
kapasitesi ve oturma performansı açısından kritik önem taşımaktadır.
Ek olarak, laboratuvar analizleri (elek analizi, su içeriği, nokta yükleme ve kesme kutusu deneyleri),
yüzey gözlemleri ve geçmiş yıllara ait uydu görüntülerine dayalı uzaktan algılama çalışmaları ile dolgu
alanlarının zamansal yayılımı ve yüzeyde meydana gelen deformasyonlar değerlendirilmiştir. Dolgu
birimleri üzerinde inşa edilen bazı duvarlarda gözlemlenen oturma kaynaklı çatlaklar, mühendislik
sorunlarını doğrular niteliktedir.
Sonuçlar, bu tür kontrolsüz dolgu alanlarında doğrudan yapılaşmanın mühendislik açısından sakıncalı
olduğunu göstermektedir. Dolgu birimlerinin kaldırılarak temel sistemlerinin doğal zemine oturtulması
önerilmekle birlikte, ekonomik ve yapısal gerekçelerle bu işlemin mümkün olmadığı durumlarda zemin
iyileştirme yöntemleri önerilmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği 2018
kapsamında değerlendirilerek yapılaşma öncesinde alınması gereken mühendislik önlemleri açısından yol
gösterici niteliktedir.

Genç Avnik (Bingöl) Alt Birlik Kayaçlarındaki Apatitli Manyetitlerin Cevher Mikroskopisi Temelli Oluşum Koşullarına Yönelik Çıkarımlar

Ahmet EFE — 2025-04-23

Bu çalışma, Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde yer alan Bitlis Masifi'nin en batı uzantısındaki Alt
Birlik metamorfik kayaçlarında bulunan apatitli manyetit cevherleşmesini incelemektedir. Arazi ve
mikroskopi çalışmaları kapsamında, Alt Birlik birimlerinde gnays, felsik ve bazik metavolkanitlerin yanı
sıra cevherleşmeyi temsil eden 10 adet örnek toplanmış ve incelenmiştir. Mikroskopik analizler, manyetit,
hematit ve maghemit minerallerinin cevher bileşenlerini, apatit, kalsit ve kuvarsın ise gang minerallerini
oluşturduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Manyetitler genellikle saçınımlı veya damar tipi yapı şeklinde
gözlenmiş; martitleşme ile maghemitlere dönüşmüştür. Hematitlerin metamorfizma izleri taşıdığı
belirlenmiştir. Jeolojik ve jeokimyasal veriler, cevherleşmenin Prekambriyen döneminde yüksek volkanik
etkinlik gösteren bir denizel ortamda geliştiğini göstermektedir. Endojenik süreçler, demirin volkanik
kayaçlardan kaynaklandığını ortaya koyarken, fosfatın eksojenik bir kökeni olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Cevher oluşumu, magmanın ayrımlanması ve kristalleşmesi sonucu oluşan karışmayan sıvılarla
ilişkilendirilmiştir. Sr-izotop verileri ve NTE içerikleri, cevherleşmenin deniz suyu ile ilişkili olmadığını
göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, Bitlis Masifi’nin Alt Birlik kayaları içerisinde hem sedimanter hem de
magmatik süreçlerin karmaşık etkileşimleriyle zenginleşmiş apatitli manyetit yatakları tespit edilmiştir.
Bu veriler, cevherleşme modellerine önemli katkılar sunmaktadır.

Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism on Copper: Reactivity Trends of 1,3,4 Thiadiazole Inhibitors

Mustafa ELİK — 2025-04-23

This study combines DFT-based quantum chemical calculations with experimental data to analyze
the inhibition behavior of thiadiazole derivatives on copper. Compound (2) exhibited the highest inhibition
efficiency computationally and experimentally, showing strong agreement between theory and experiment.
Parameters such as electrophilicity index, dipole moment, and Fukui functions correlate with surface
adsorption and provide a mechanistic foundation for designing more efficient inhibitors.

Machine Learning-Driven Optimization of Textile Industry Effluent Treatment: A Case Study of Environmental Risk Assessment, Predictive Modeling, and Multi-Objective Optimization for Sustainable Wastewater Management

Reyhan ATA — 2025-04-23

Industrial wastewater, particularly from the textile sector, contains complex pollutants that pose
significant environmental risks. This study focuses on characterizing textile effluent and assessing its
environmental impact using machine learning and optimization techniques. The analysis revealed that the
primary pollutant parameters exceed regulatory discharge limits, leading to a high environmental risk
classification. Advanced data-driven methodologies, including deep learning and machine learning models,
were applied to classify risk levels and predict pollution trends. Time-series models and classification
algorithms were utilized to analyze pollutant variations over time, while Random Forest regression and
classification models enabled accurate pollutant trend predictions. To mitigate the environmental risks
associated with textile wastewater, multiple optimization strategies were evaluated, considering cost
effectiveness and treatment efficiency. This approach successfully optimized pollutant removal efficiency,
minimized treatment costs, and reduced energy consumption while ensuring compliance with
environmental regulations.
Furthermore, scenario-based modeling included process optimization, implementation of advanced
treatment technologies, and integration of sustainable practices such as water and energy conservation, as
well as carbon and water footprint reduction. The study highlights the transformative potential of deep
learning in wastewater management, offering predictive capabilities that enable proactive environmental
risk mitigation. This research serves as a valuable reference for both academia and industry by providing a
systematic, data-driven framework for optimizing wastewater treatment processes.