International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches

Doğalgaz Yakıtlı Buji Ateşlemeli Motorlarda Strok/Çap Oranı Etkilerinin Ekserji Analiziyle İncelenmesi

İsmet Sezer — 2024-10-13

Sunulan çalışmada doğalgaz yakıtlı buji ateşlemeli motorlarda strok/çap (s/ç) oranının etkileri
kullanılabilirlik (ekserji) analiziyle nümerik olarak incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla iki bölgeli yanma modeline
sahip bir sanki boyutlu buji ateşlemeli motor çevrimi modeli kullanılmıştır. Çevrim modelinde yanma
işlemi türbülanslı alev yayılması yaklaşımıyla, emme ve egzoz işlemleri ise basit ampirik bağıntılar
kullanılarak modellenmiştir. Ekserji analizini gerçekleştirmek için çevrim modeline Termodinamiğin
İkinci Kanunu ile ilgili yaklaşımlar uygulanmıştır. Ekserji analizinde ısı, iş ve egzozla transfer edilen
ekserjiler, tersinmezlikler, yakıt kimyasal ekserjisi, termomekanik ekserji ve toplam ekserji gibi ekserjitik
terimler seçilen strok/çap oranları için hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca, 1. ve 2. Kanun verimleri ile indike özgül
yakıt tüketimi de hesaplanmıştır. Böylece, doğalgaz yakıtlı buji ateşlemeli motorlarda strok/çap oranının
ekserjitik terimler, 1. ve 2. Kanun verimleri ve indike özgül yakıt tüketimi üzerindeki etkileri
belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, doğalgaz yakıtlı buji ateşlemeli motorlarda strok/çap oranının
artırılmasının ısı kayıpları ve tersinmezlik değerlerini azalttığını, faydalı çevrim işi ile 1. ve 2. kanun
verimlerini artırdığını ve indike özgül yakıt tüketimini düşürdüğünü göstermiştir. İncelenen doğalgaz
yakıtlı buji ateşlemeli motorlarda strok/çap oranının 0,7 değerinden 1,3 değerine çıkarılması ısı
kayıplarının %6,69, tersinmezliklerin %1,58 oranlarında azalmasını, işle transfer edilen ekserjinin ise
%3,43 artmasını sağlamıştır. Diğer taraftan, strok/çap oranının 0,7 değerinden 1,3 değerine çıkarılması ile
1. ve 2. Kanun verimleri sırasıyla %3,11 ve %3,38 oranlarında artmış ve indike özgül yakıt tüketimi
%3,25 oranında azalmıştır.

Yeraltı Yapılarının Sismik Hasar Görebilirliği ve İyileştirme Stratejileri: Kahramanmaraş Tünelleri Üzerine Bir Örnek Çalışma

Gökhan Külekçi — 2024-10-13

Depremler, özellikle dağlık bölgelerde, ulaşım altyapısına ciddi zararlar verebilen doğal felaketler
arasındadır. Bu tür afetlerin etkisini azaltmanın yolları araştırılırken, yeraltı boşlukları ve tünellerin
depremlerden daha az etkilendiği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma, Kahramanmaraş ilinde meydana gelen iki
büyük deprem sonrası yeraltı boşluklarına ve tünel yapılarına odaklanmaktadır.
Depremler, yeraltındaki hareketlerle karakterizedir ve bu nedenle yeraltı yapıları, yer üstü yapılarına göre
daha dirençli olabilir. Araştırma, bu nedenle yeraltı tünellerin önemini ve dayanıklılıklarını ele almaktadır.
Özellikle ulaşım altyapısının sağlanmasında tüneller yüzyıllardır önemli bir rol oynamaktadır.
Kahramanmaraş ilindeki iki büyük deprem sonrası, bu tünellerde meydana gelen çökmeler incelenmiş ve
deprem sonrası ulaşımın sürdürülebilirliği için öneriler sunulmuştur. Öneriler arasında püskürtme betonun
ve beton liflerinin kullanımı gibi teknik ayrıntılar bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca, tünellerin dayanıklılığı ve
güçlendirilmesi, inşaat aşamasındaki jeolojik yapı ve yerel zemin koşullarıyla yakından ilişkilidir.
Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, deprem sonrası ulaşımın hayati bir önem taşıdığı durumlarda, yeraltı
boşluklarının ve tünellerin güçlendirilmesi için önemli rehberlik sunmaktadır. Bu tür güçlendirmeler,
güvenli ve kesintisiz ulaşımın sağlanmasına katkı sağlayabilir ve benzer coğrafyalardaki diğer bölgeler için
de bir model oluşturabilir. Bu araştırma, yeraltı yapıların ve tünellerin depremlere karşı dayanıklılığını
artırma konusundaki önemli bir adımdır.

An approach to solving real-life problems using normal distribution. Approximation of results using the Lagrange-Euler method

Shkelqim Hajrulla — 2024-10-13

We deal with the normal distribution as an overview of real-life problems. Our paper focuses on
analyzing the normal distribution and its special cases by solving real-life problems and examining them
through detailed calculations and graphs. Several research papers have reported that the normal distribution
of a random variable has an enormous contribution in analyzing and comparing the data with each other,
making the process easier for other methods in real-life applications. Using numerical methods, we get the
approximations and the error during the different cases.
In this research paper, we will discuss how the Euler equation will be used to solve the same problem in a
more efficient way. The Euler method is used during the approximation process and with some widely
studied models, including the standard formulas for each method, simulations, and graphs.

Characterizations of high-performance concrete containing mineral additions

Mahmoud Benkhelil — 2024-10-13

This study aims to experimentally investigate the slump, compressive strengths (Cs) at 7 and
28-day of fifteen HPC combinations made from already-existing local materials in Algeria. After that,
establish statistical models based on the mix design modeling technique to examine the impact of
employing dune sand powder (DSP), as a supplementary cementitious material, both in binary and ternary
combinations with cement (PC) and ground blast-furnace slag (GBFS) on the HPCs characteristics. A four
level, three-parameter mixture design was implemented to develop models for the statistical variance of the
recorded experimental data and the JMP7 statistical program was employed to perform this analysis. For
all responses, models exhibit strong correlation coefficients (R2 ≥ 0.83). Replacing cement with GBFS
increases the slump. However, slump only remains good when the combinations have a low proportion of
DSP. At 7-day, the improvement in Cs can be attributed to the increasing proportion of DSP. In contrast,
results suggest the increasing percentage of GBFS in all systems causes a slight decrease of Cs. At 28-day,
it is evident that the use of GBFS alone resulted in a slight decrease in Cs, but when combined with PC,
GBFS increased Cs. In contrast, Cs is better when a low percentage of DSP is used. Optimal composition
(HPC14) with 5%GBFS offers the best compromise between the three studied characteristics.

3-Dimensional High Gain High Isolation Ultra-Wide Band Antenna Array with PRS Layer

Ali Ahmad — 2024-10-13

This paper presents a 3-dimensional, Ultra-wide band MIMO array antenna for high gain
(M2M) communication environments. This antenna supports Ultra-Wide band (3.2GHz
10.5GHz) frequencies. The radiating patch is made from 1.6mm thick FR-4 substrate. To increase the
isolation between radiating elements, parasitic structures are used. The parasitic structures are placed
alongside feedline as well as radiating elements. A Defective ground plane is implemented to increase
bandwidth and radiation coefficient of array. A Partial Reflecting Surface (PRS) layer, also fabricated on
a similar FR-4 substrate is used above the antenna layer to improve the antenna's gain and bandwidth.
More crucially, the suggested PRS antenna improves gain by 3dB average over entire ultra-wide band.
Based on simulation and measurement results, this configuration appears to be a viable contender for
Machine-to-Machine(M2M) communication.

Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms to Predict Cardiovascular Heart Disease Risk Level

Hakan Güler — 2024-10-13

Cardiovascular diseases can pose a potential risk for almost every individual since they are
associated with multiple parameters such as chronic disease, lifestyle, especially genetic factors. For this
purpose, within the scope of the study, machine learning-based models were developed to predict the
cardiovascular disease risk level and the metric performances of the algorithms were compared. For this
purpose, the performances of the algorithms of the models developed using a data set accessible to all
researchers were analyzed in a versatile way. In the study, the results obtained using Logistic Regression,
Decision Trees, Random Forests, K-Nearest Neighbors, Gaussian Naive Bayes and LightGBM algorithms
were compared. The results present the performance of each algorithm by evaluating it on metrics such as
accuracy, precision, sensitivity and F1 score. The study aims to illuminate in which situations different
algorithms are more effective and which variables are more determinant in terms of risk estimation. The
results of this study can be used as an auxiliary diagnostic method for healthcare professionals working in
the cardiovascular field. It can also be used as a predictive model for individuals who want to use
artificial intelligence to determine the level of risk.

An Explainable Artificial Intelligence Based Early Lung Cancer Risk Prediction Using LightGBM

Ömer Miraç Kökçam Kökçam — 2024-10-13

Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world and is also the deadliest. Early diagnosis
can improve patients’ life expectancy and reduce the cost of treatment. The aim of this study is to help
physicians and patients by using explainable artificial intelligence methods to early diagnose risk of lung
cancer. This study will create an opportunity for physicians to make early diagnosis and treatment
strategies for patients. In this study, a machine learning model was developed to predict the risk of lung
cancer by using the LightGBM algorithm. Furthermore, the SHAP method is used to explain why and
how the model's predictions are made, thus making the AI model reliable. These explanations increase the
acceptability and reliability of the predictions made by model, while helping physicians and patients
understand the model's decisions. The results obtained show that the developed LightGBM model can
predict the risk of lung cancer with a 100% accuracy rate. The model has achieved great results in terms
of accuracy rate and sensitivity. In addition, the SHAP analyses explain which features each of the
model's predictions is based on, which will increase the confidence of physicians and patients in the
decisions of artificial intelligence.

Ground Response Analysis and Seismic Behavior Assessment Using SPTN Values

Iqbal Khan — 2024-10-13

In the city of Islamabad, a thorough examination into one-dimensional equivalent linear
ground response was methodically performed. This thorough investigation was carried out with special
attention to the city's distinctive geological features using the DEEPSOIL software in a methodical
manner. Notably, the analysis avoided the influence of the groundwater table in Favor of the more general
seismic factors that control ground response dynamics. Subsoil data for input were acquired from a
combination of laboratory and field research and were chosen based on site-specific conditions. The
investigations were carried out at a bedrock site 13 meters below ground level. Following evaluations
with the USCS, the soil at the location was classified as silty clay to lean clay. This classification is the
result of extensive field and laboratory research. In the study, a set of eight unique accelerograms were
carefully chosen and used at the bedrock layer, perfectly coinciding with the seismic characteristics
unique to the target geographic location. Surprisingly the study of surface response spectra revealed a
significant amplification phenomenon that was present across all seven possible accelerograms and
deviated just slightly from the fundamental period inherent to the site. The study's conclusions indicated
that the computed spectral acceleration values, which notably fell within the range of 0.16g to 0.24g,
surpassed the requirements established by the Pakistan Building Code.

Predictive Modeling of Diseases with Explainable Artificial Intelligence Using LightGBM

Elif Bahar Özdoğru — 2024-10-13

The continuous exploration of the intricate connections among symptoms, patient attributes,
and diseases within the intricate landscape of human health represents an ongoing pursuit. Data-driven
methodologies have ushered in novel opportunities for comprehending these intricate relationships.
Especially with the COVID-19 pandemic, the paradigms of disease understanding, diagnosis, and
treatment management have assumed unprecedented significance. This study, powered by LightGBM and
SHAP, has the potential to provide invaluable support to experts in decision support systems, early
diagnosis of diseases, personalized treatment plan applications, strengthening medical interventions with
case-oriented treatment predictions by producing advanced diagnosis and treatment strategies at
demographic scales and analyzing risk factors, developing evidence-based public health policies and
proactive health services, researchers. Furthermore, this research can be effectively leveraged in
epidemiological investigations to ascertain the correlations and emerging trends between various diseases
and the influencing health determinants all with an impressive 81% accuracy.

Study and Characterization of Lithium, Magnesium Borate Based Ternary Glasses

Muhammad Ahmad Raza — 2024-10-13

By employing the melt quench process, four samples of the Lithium-Magnesium-Borate (Li,
Mg, and Borate) glass system and glasses with various compositions were created. Physical, optical, and
dielectric qualities have all been studied. The samples were polished after being annealed. Utilizing X-ray
equipment, the specimen's X-ray diffraction measurement was assessed. According to XRD data, the
samples shows a significant degree of amorphous nature. The displacement technique was used to calculate
the density. The outcome demonstrated that density increased as Li concentration increased. The prepared
samples' densities rise from 1.22 to 1.68 g/cm3. As Mg concentration increased, the molar volume "Vm"
decreased. Molar volume falls from 53.63 cm3 /mole to 50.68 cm3 /mole. The oxygen packing density is
measured to be between 55.93 mol/cm3 and 58.60 mol/cm3. Optical data of the sample was evaluated. The
measured data of optical absorbance and transmittance in the scope of 300 nm to 800 nm while using
SHIMADZU UV-1800 Spectrophotometry at room temperature. It was discovered that the optical band
gap, or "Eopt," decreased as Mg concentration increased. Increasing the Mg concentration was shown to
decrease the refractive index. The recorded value is between 3.12 to 2.38. The tested samples' dielectric
displayed shrink behavior in terms of capacitance, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss.

SPECIFICITY OF INDEPENDENT WORK AT THE HIGHER MEDICAL SCHOOL

Donka Nikolova — 2024-10-13

Independent work of students is an integral part of the overall process of training in the higher
medical school due to the fact that it aims to increase the professional training of students by acquiring a
system of fundamental and professional knowledge, skills and habits that they can apply independently
and freely in their practical activities. The aim of the present study is to determine the importance of
independent work in the process of training for the formation of lasting knowledge, skills and habits in
students of the specialty of rehabilitation. The growing need for quality professional training of highly
qualified future rehabilitation therapists implies the improvement of students' independent work, which in
turn appears to be an integral part of the modern pedagogical process.

Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Human Health

Mah Noor — 2024-10-13

In today’s world, most children are exposed to various electromagnetic fields (EMFs). EMFs
are electromagnetic waves less than 300 GHz. A developing child’s brain is vulnerable to
electromagnetic radiation; thus, their caregivers’ concerns about the health effects of EMFs are
increasing. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) have been implicated to influence a range of bodily functions.
Given their ubiquitous nature, widespread applications, and capability to produce deleterious effects,
conclusive investigations of the health risks are critical. The utilization of Electromagnetic field has become
universal from everyday usage of electronic appliances. This Article reviews on various Effect of
Electromagnetic Field (EMF) on Human Health. The biological effects of EMFs on humans include
stimulation, thermal, and nonthermal, the latter of which is the least known. Among the various health
issues related to EMFs, the most important issue is human carcinogenicity. Electromagnetic fields (EMF)
have various chemical effects, including causing deterioration in large molecules in cells and imbalance in
ionic equilibrium.

For use in photovoltaic applications, high voltage gain hybrid boost converter mathematical modelling

Muhammad Salman Khan — 2024-10-13

On this research, a high voltage-gain Hybrid boost converter (HVHBC) is developed to achieve
high voltage gain, good transient responsiveness, low voltage ripples, and sufficient efficiency when
compared to a basic conventional boost converter and to lower the harmonic content on the output side.
The suggested topology's voltage gain is 96% at a duty ratio of 0.55 and a frequency of 50 KHz. The
suggested converter's circuit schematic has a switched inductor and switch capacitor architecture. As a
result, the inductor reduces the voltage stress on the active switch, the output voltage of the proposed
converter is high, and the reaction of different parameters is examined using the simulation tool PSIM.

Synthesis of Cobalt-Free, Low-Cost Layered LiNi0.6Mn0.2Fe0.2O2 (NMF622) Cathode Electrodes for Next Generation Lithium-Ion Batteries

Sümeyye KILIÇ — 2024-10-13

In this research, we synthesized LiNi0.6Mn0.2Fe0.2O2 (NMF622) cathodes by substituting iron for
cobalt in the cathode electrodes, which are typically associated with the chemistry of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2
(NMC622) cathode material used in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The production of NMF622 nanoparticles
was achieved using the sol-gel method, incorporating metal salts as key components for structure formation.
We meticulously examined the structure of NMF622 nanoparticles and electrodes through X-ray diffraction
(XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), revealing the absence of impurities in
the NMF622 nanopowders. Our FESEM analysis further determined particle sizes ranging from 30 to 110
nm. To evaluate the performance of NMF622 cathodes, we conducted galvanostatic charge and discharge
tests at a rate of 1C within the potential range of 2.0 to 4.6 volts. Notably, the NMF622 cathodes exhibited
various capacities at different rates, including 211.86, 206.07, 198.68, 191.56, 167.16, 154.99, 135.62,
115.96, 188.36, 195.36, 202.46, and 209.3 mAh/g at different C-rates. Electrochemical impedance tests
indicated that all resistance values increased with the number of cycles. This study represents a significant
development and evaluation of NMF cathodes, which are proposed as an alternative to NMC chemistry. As
a result, it led to a substantial 60% reduction in cell manufacturing costs compared to NMC chemistry.
Furthermore, the environmentally conscious choice of using iron instead of cobalt, along with the use of
water-soluble binders, contributed to a reduction in toxicity.

Performance Analysis of Fiber Reinforced Concrete using Different Fiber Proportions

Shahrukh Abbas — 2024-10-13

Concrete structures experience physical and chemical changes when they interact with the
natural environment under service load conditions which results in cracking. Cracking is a critical
problem which lowers the long-term service life, strength, as well as the durability of the concrete
structures. Furthermore, if preventive measures are not taken on time, then these cracks will lead to the
failure of structures. Fibers in different proportions when added into the concrete showed satisfactory
performance in enhancing its mechanical properties. Both carbon and steel fibers are introduced in
concrete and behaviors of both the Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) and Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is
evaluated based on the mechanical testing. Numerious mechanical characteristics including compressive,
tensile, and flexural or modulus of rupture (MOR) strength of both steel and carbon fiber reinforced
concrete have been compared with PCC. When slump values of PCC and FRC are compared, it is found
that the slump of steel and carbon fiber reinforced concrete is reduced due to water thin film in
comparison to that of PCC. In the study, stress strain behaviors of PCC and FRC is also compared. The
optimum content of carbon as well as steel fiber of 0.3% and 5% by weight of cement is added which
after 28 days moist curing is subjected to mechanical testing. The improvement observed in mechanical
properties of FRC indicated that fiber content is effective in strength as well as durability regarding the
prevention of cracks in the concrete.

The Economic Assessment of Renewable Technologies Integration

Abdullah Haris — 2024-10-13

A case study was conducted to compare renewable energy technologies with natural gas
generators in terms of emissions and costs. The load that was used in the hybrid renewable energy system
and the engine system running on natural gas was the same value of 62,500 kW. In the case of using solar
panels as the only source of energy, the initial cost was the highest. In the case of using the wind turbine as
the only source of energy in the system, the initial cost was lower than the system that works on solar
panels, but it was also high. The case in which the system was operated using the wind turbine and solar
panels as an energy source was the best case for the system, the initial cost was the lowest compared to
wind and solar with no emissions produced. In the case of natural gas generators, the cost was low compared
to the hybrid power system, and the operating cost was also low, but the harmful emissions were high. The
findings show that integrating renewables into the grid presents the most beneficial alternative for
decreasing emissions and minimizing overall costs, compared to the scenario where renewable energy
sources are used separately.

Wind-Induced Piezoelectric Transduction via an Artificial Tree

Muhammad Danyal Faizi Jatoi — 2024-10-13

In this research study, we investigate the design of a piezoelectric tree-shaped wind power
system. If there is a wind strong enough to bend the piezoelectric materials used in the energy conversion
process, the suggested system will produce voltage. In this work, two distinct types of piezoelectric
materials were utilised to generate electricity using wind-derived energy. and types of piezoelectric
materials were used - PZT-5H, and BaTiO3. The voltage produced under different wind speeds(1–30ms−1
)with various load resistors were tested to determine the maximum power output. A maximum Voltage of
10.6 v was produced when using an optimal load of 10 kohm of PZT-5A at airflow speed of 30 m s−1 .The
findings of this study provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of piezoelectric-based wind
energy harvesting systems. The optimized dimensions and material choices established in this study can
serve as a useful guideline for the development of piezoelectric-based wind energy harvesting systems in
various applications like Structural, health, Environmental, Military and defense monitoring.

Unleashing the Power of Play: Exploring the Impact of Sport as a Tool for Crime and Violence Prevention in Children in Albania

Ada Gashi — 2024-10-13

Talking about crime prevention for children in Albania is a really important topic with a strong
impact in our society, which faces every day in cases of children abuse or children infiltration in crimes.
This conference paper delves into the dynamic relationship between sports and crime prevention, focusing
on their potential to mitigate violence among children. In this context, we analyze sport as a factor of
prevention of crime, the role of family, community and state policy in taking measures to inform and to
increase the awareness of families and community for these cases. The explanation and analysis of the
factors leads us to a path, building appropriate strategies and social support for this affected category, which
is very sensitive and affects each of us in our family or community. By examining existing research and
real-world case studies, this study explores how organized sports programs can serve as a catalyst for
positive behavioral change in children. Through the lens of psychology, sociology, law, sports marketing
and sports science, we analyze the mechanisms underlying this transformation and discuss practical
strategies for maximizing the impact of sports in crime and violence prevention efforts. Our findings shed
light on the immense potential of sport as a tool for fostering safer and healthier communities.

Neovagina Procedures and Care

Sinem GÜVEN SANTUR — 2024-10-13

Neovaginal procedures are surgical or non-surgical methods used to eliminate enlargement and
sagging of the vagina caused by childbirth, menopause or other factors. These practices can help improve
quality of life, such as sexual function, hygiene, and self-confidence. Nonsurgical neovaginal procedures
are designed to strengthen the muscles and tissue of the vagina. It can be done in a variety of ways, such
as laser treatment, radiofrequency therapy, or non-surgical vaginal tightening surgery. Surgical
neovaginal procedures are performed to remove or reduce enlarged or sagging parts of the vagina. There
are various types such as vaginoplasty, labiaplasty and hymenoplasty. After neovaginal procedures, some
care measures can be taken to support the healing of the vagina. Precautions such as cleaning with plenty
of water, avoiding soap and detergents, avoiding synthetic underwear, avoiding tight clothing and
avoiding smoking are important. Neovaginal procedures are an effective method that can help improve
the appearance and function of the vagina. Before these practices, it is important to consult a professional
and evaluate the risks and benefits.

An Analysis Study in OECD Countries on Pediatric Vaccines and Their Effects with Cluster Analysis and Multiple Regression Technique

Medine Nur Türkoğlu Elitaş — 2024-10-13

In the study, Turkey's position in this field was examined children vaccination rates between the
years 2000-2017 in the OECD countries by taking clustering technique. Data were tested by non
hierarchical clustering method. Then it was analyzed by multi-dimensional scaling. According to the results
of clustering, countries are grouped into 3 groups. The relationship between the results obtained and the
development level of the countries are analyzed. As a result, clustering occurred between countries with
distant values. In a multidimensional scaling analysis, child mortality data in Turkey in 2017 are used as
the dependent variable. Health spending, Gdp, diphtheria, measles and hepatitis-b vaccination rates have
been determined as impact factors. Purpose in the second analysis is to see to what extent these vaccines
and a few variables affect and to put it numerically to the infant mortality rate in Turkey by looking at the
obtained stress values.

An example of a vehicle-pedestrian accident reconstruction by Mathematical and Software Model

Raimonda Dervishi — 2024-10-13

During the year 2022, approximately 1165 road accidents occurred in Albania where the
number of persons involved in accidents was 1599, while the number of accidents due to the behavior of
pedestrians was 167. Referring to the statistics, the increase number of accidents due to the behavior of
pedestrian over the year is noticed. In this paper we treat the problem of determining the speed of
movement of an accident situation when a vehicle and a pedestrian participate in a crash. As a result of
this accident the pedestrian involved remained dead. For determination of speed we focus on the resulting
of mathematical simulation and PC Crash software. The aim of this work also is to present a vehicle
pedestrian situation where the accident could not be avoided even with the allowed speed of vehicle.

Decentralized Finance

Albina Hysaj — 2024-10-13

Decentralized Finance is a segment of finance that enables financial transactions by the
execution of smart contacts, without the intermediation of financial institutions and central authorities. It
uses innovative technology to ensure the necessary transparency and autonomy of all the participants and
potential investors. Even though DeFi is in its early stages, based on the increasing market size and high
return yield of the assets, it is expected to contribute to a more innovative financial economy and the
development of traditional finance as well.
Through theoretical analysis of the existing literature and information, this study investigates the
importance of Decentralized Finance, its advantages, and disadvantages, the associated risks that arise from
decentralization, and the lack of central authorities. Decentralized Finance has several advantages,
including interoperability, borderless, openness, transparency, innovation, decentralization, efficiency, and
so forth. Because of its nature, DeFi has several disadvantages and risks as well, such as high volatility,
stablecoin run, unstoppability, irreversibility, lack of transparency, pseudonymity, and the risk of money
laundering.
As the growth of DeFi is mainly related to innovative and information technology, it is expected that its
fast-growing trend will continue in the future as well. Considering the limited research in Decentralized
Finance, this study contributes to enriching the related literature.

Internet of Thing (IoT) Based Mobile Plant Irregation Application

Serkan Sökmen — 2024-10-13

Nowadays, the use of high-tech devices that make the lives of societies easier has gained
importance. Thanks to Internet of Things (IoT) technology, devices communicate with each other and
create a smart communication ecosystem. IoT means that not only computers but also smart devices can
be connected to the internet. Large amounts of sensor data coming from physical environments are
evaluated and converted into information and transmitted to operators or relevant persons, or an activity is
carried out through the systems. For example, automatic irrigation projects such as plant watering are
designs that aim to ensure healthy growth of plants and plants and to beautify the environment. Automatic
irrigation system reduces time and effort in terms of practicality and helps to use water resources
efficiently. It also saves water in water-scarce areas. In this project, a remote control and monitoring
system was implemented using Arduino IDE, Firebase and MitAPP. Components such as Esp8266 Wifi
card, submersible pump, L9110 Dual Motor driver, soil moisture sensor are used. The application was
converted into an Android application via MitAPP Inventor and communication was established with the
Firebase database. In this way, plant moisture measurements can be displayed in real time and manual or
automatic watering can be done at any time. With the successful operation of this work, sufficient and
correct amount of water is provided to the plants. Thanks to the technologies and components used in this
study, it is aimed for the healthy growth of plants.

NiCoMn nanostructured powders used for wastewater treatment

Karima DADDA — 2024-10-13

This study uses mechanical alloying to prepare nanostructured Co27Mn13Ni60 (wt.%) powders.
24 h of milling leads to the formation of a single fcc-solid solution that undergoes ferromagnetic
paramagnetic transition at a Curie temperature of about 790 K. Powders were tested for Fenton catalysis,
and their performance was investigated for methylene blue discoloration.

MAKİNE ÖĞRENME METOTLARININ MANTI KALİTESİNİN BELİRLENMESİNDE KULLANILABİLİRLİĞİ

Serkan ÖRÜCÜ — 2024-10-13

Geleneksel gıdalardan biri olan ve sevilerek tüketilen mantının, endüstriyel üretimdeki çeşitli
süreçlerde karşılaşılabilecek sorunlar nedeniyle kalitesi düşebilmektedir. Kalite kontrolde kullanılan CIE
Lab sistemi yani üç nokta yöntemi olarak da bilinen renk sistemine göre mantı üretiminde ürünün kalite
düşüşleri belirlenebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada mantı üretiminde ısıl işlem süresine göre oluşturulan mantı
veriseti (Mikrodalga seviyesi, L, a, b ve zaman) bazı Makine Öğrenmesi (MÖ) yöntemleri kullanılarak
işlenmiştir. Bu işlem sonucunda ise en yüksek f-score’un 87% ile DT (Decision Tree) sınıflandırıcısı ile
elde edildiği, bu sonucun ise 73% ile Linear çekirdek kullanılan SVM (Support Vector Machine) ve 71%
ile N_neighbours çekirdeği kullanan K-NN (K-Nearest Neighbor) tarafından takip edildiği görülmüştür.
Sonuç olarak, MÖ yöntemleri kullanılarak mantı üretim süreçlerinde ürün kalitesi ve güvenilirliğinin
arttırılabileceği görülmüştür.

AN OVERVIEW OF TOMATO LEAF CURL VIRUS: IMPACT, CHALLENGES, AND MANAGEMENT

Quazi Mohd. Imranul Haq — 2024-10-13

The Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (ToLCV) is a significant threat to tomato crops worldwide,
causing substantial economic losses and challenges for growers. This review article provides a
comprehensive overview of ToLCV, including its impact on tomato crops, the challenges it poses, and
various management strategies.

Analyzing Game Strategies of the Don’t Get Angry Board Game Using Computer Simulations

Ladislav Végh — 2024-10-13

In the research described in this paper, we used computer simulations to analyze and compare
different types of game strategies in the popular board game Don't Get Angry. Following a brief
introduction, we summarized a few previous research papers examining similar board games' game
strategies. Next, after a review of the Don't Get Angry game's official rules, we outlined four strategies that
can be applied to increase the likelihood of winning. We simulated 50,000 games in which all four players
made their moves randomly and 50,000 games where each used a different strategy. We tracked how
frequently each player finished first, second, third, or last during the simulations. Furthermore, we recorded
how many rounds were needed to complete the game for each player, how many times the players’ pawns
were kicked out and returned to their houses by other players, and the number of players’ remaining steps
during every gameplay. From the analysis of the recorded data, we could conclude that significant
differences exist in the chances of winning the game for the examined strategies when all players use
different strategies. The results improve the specific domain knowledge for the Don't Get Angry board
game. It may help create more vigorous computer opponents and encourage further study to create a tool
for evaluating students' strategic thinking while playing.

k-Step Viterbi Algorithm with Discrete Control for Tracking an Unknown Number of Targets

Mehmet Kurucan — 2024-10-13

This study is related to the development of the Viterbi algorithm for finding the most likely path
to reach an uncertain number of targets. In this context, the Viterbi algorithm is enhanced to perform future
best path calculations more accurately using a symbolic approach to discrete control synthesis within the
framework of optimization for the K-step. The results of this work combine the guarantees of safety offered
by discrete control synthesis with the optimization, ensuring that the path calculation yields the optimal
value, representing the best path. The accuracy of our results is substantiated by an illustrative case study,
demonstrating the superiority of our approach over the standard Viterbi algorithm. Specifically, our
findings showcase that the proposed algorithm not only ensures the desired system behavior but also
provides the optimal path value, outperforming the conventional Viterbi algorithm.

The Impact of Monetary and Economic Policies on Risk Management in Banks

Thameur Oussama — 2024-10-13

This study explores the intricate relationship between monetary and economic policies and
their profound impact on risk management within the banking sector. The objective of this research is to
comprehensively examine how various monetary and economic policies, such as interest rate adjustments,
inflation monitoring, and economic growth, affect risk management in banks.
The research employs a multi-faceted approach, including descriptive and analytical methods, to
understand the potential effects of monetary policies on bank risk management. It also examines the
implications of interest rate fluctuations and their impact on bank performance. Furthermore, it addresses
the consequences of inflation control measures on credit and market risk management. The research
suggests that these events can lead to changes in banking and financial risks.
The key findings of this research highlight that changes in monetary and economic policies significantly
influence the risk profiles of financial institutions. These shifts require banks to adapt and continuously
enhance risk management strategies.
In conclusion, this summary underscores the utmost importance of aligning risk management practices in
banks with ever-changing monetary and economic policies to effectively mitigate potential risks. It
emphasizes the importance of directing banks' attention towards how these policies align with their
objectives and sustainability. It forms a crucial foundation for understanding how banking institutions can
thrive in a continually evolving economic landscape.

DAMAGES CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES TO MINES AND UNDERGROUND SPACES AND MINIMIZING THESE DAMAGES

Gökhan KÜLEKÇİ — 2024-10-13

Earthquakes can damage underground mines in two main ways. First, earthquakes can cause
axial shift of faults, creating cave-ins and fissures. This poses a serious danger to mine workers and
infrastructure. Earthquake-induced collapses in underground mines may threaten the life safety of workers
and disrupt the operations of mines.
Secondly, earthquakes, especially in mines where gas emissions are common, may cause hairline cracks to
coalesce and turn into larger cracks. This may lead to increased gas emissions and explosions and fires.
Such incidents in gas-related mines, such as coal mines, both endanger the safety of workers and have
negative effects on the sustainability of mines.
Therefore, it is of great importance to be aware of the effects of earthquakes on underground mining
operations and underground cavities and to take the necessary precautions to minimize such dangers.
Protective measures such as structural strengthening, safe evacuation of workers, gas monitoring systems
and fire suppression systems play a vital role in reducing risks from earthquakes. Scientific research and
the development of mine safety standards play a critical role in minimizing the damage that earthquakes
can cause to mining operations and underground cavities.
In this article, the damages caused by historical earthquakes to mining enterprises and underground cavities
are examined. Historical data shows how earthquakes can affect such structures. Past experiences provide
important lessons to prevent similar situations from recurring in the future. For this purpose, technologies
and protective measures that can be used to reduce the damage caused by earthquakes to mining operations
and underground cavities are also discussed in this article. Appropriate measures taken against earthquakes
are vital in protecting both human life and property.
This study sheds light on efforts to understand the effects of earthquakes on underground mining operations
and underground cavities and to make such structures safer. Understanding the effects of earthquakes on
such structures is a critical step in reducing the effects of future disasters.

Feedback Control over Quantum Sensing Based on Bose-Einstein Condensate Trapped in Two-Dimensional Ring Potential

Sergey Borisenok — 2024-10-13

Recent great progress in studying theoretical and especially experimental properties of Bose
Einstein condensate (BEC) creates a new era in developing and designing principally novel types of
quantum devices, including quantum sensors for measuring nonlinear interactions, external electrical and
magnetic fields, and other physical characteristics with high sensitivity. Here we discuss the application
of feedback control over a quantum sensor based on the Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in two
dimensional ring potential. For a weakly interacting regime, the dynamics of such a system are modeled
by three coupled complex differential master equations containing the parameter of interaction and the
chemical potential parameter. The last one plays the role of control variable in sensing protocol for two
body interaction. The goal of control is to minimize the effects of the higher energy levels in BEC by
driving their corresponding matrix density elements. The control algorithm is designed as Kolesnikov’s
feedback forming an artificial target attractor in the dynamical system. We re-formulate Kolesnikov’s
approach in the operator form to adapt it to quantum engineering processes. The control approach
proposed here can be efficiently extended to different sensing protocols for detecting external magnetic
fields, rotational components, and other physical characteristics of BEC interacting with the environment.

� �-Metrik Uzaylarda İdeal Yakınsaklık

Saime KOLANCI — 2024-10-13

Bu çalışmadaki amacımız, temeli doğal sayılar kümesinin altkümelerinin bir idealine dayanan ve
istatistiksel yakınsaklık ile ilişkili birçok yakınsaklık çeşidine genel bir bakış açısı sunan ideal yakınsaklık
kavramını g-metrik uzaylarda ele almaktır. Klasik anlamda bilinen ideal yakınsaklık kavramından
yararlanarak gJ-yakınsaklık ve gJ*-yakınsaklık kavramını tanıtarak burada var olan özellikleri g-metrik
uzaylara taşıyoruz. (AP) özelliği yardımıyla gJ-yakınsaklık ve gJ∗-yakınsaklık kavramları arasındaki
ilişkiyi inceliyoruz. Bunlara ek olarak, g-metrik uzaylarda gJ-Cauchy ve gJ*-Cauchy dizileri tanımlarını
vererek klasik anlamda bilinen teoremleri ifade ve ispat ediyoruz.

Üçlü Diziler İçin Kuvvetli Lacunary I*-Yakınsaklık

Mehmet Gürdal — 2024-10-13

İstatistiksel yakınsama ilk olarak 1951 yılında Fast [6] tarafından çalışılmıştır. Fridy ve Orhan [8],
lacunary dizisini kullanarak lacunary istatistiksel yakınsamayı incelemişlerdir. Kostyrko ve diğerleri [14]
doğal sayı kümesi üzerindeki idealleri kullanarak ideal yakınsamayı sunmuşlardır. Bu makalenin ikinci
yazarı ve çalışma grubu tarafından I-Cauchy, I*-Cauchy dizisi ve üçlü dizi kavramları literatüre
kazandırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada ise üçlü diziler için lacunary I*-yakınsaklık ve kuvvetli lacunary I*
yakınsaklık kavramları tanımlanmıştır. Ayrıca, üçlü diziler için kuvvetli lacunary I-yakınsaklık ve
kuvvetli lacunary I*-yakınsaklık arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Son olarak, kuvvetli lacunary I
Cauchy üçlü dizisi kavramı tanımlanmış ve kuvvetli lacunary I-Cauchy üçlü dizisi ile kuvvetli lacunary
I*-Cauchy üçlü dizisi arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır.

Enhancing Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis using Machine Learning Classifiers: A Comparative Analysis

Abdul Majid — 2024-10-13

One of the most common and dangerous illnesses affecting people on a global scale, chronic
kidney disease (CKD), does not manifest itself until the kidneys of a particular person have sustained
irreparable harm. The progression of CKD is linked to many serious side effects, such as an increased risk
of different diseases, kidney failure, nerve harm, pregnancy problems, anemia, and hyperlipidemia. This
illness claims the lives of millions of individuals each year. Since there are no significant symptoms that
can be used as a benchmark to identify CKD, diagnosing the condition might be difficult. Occasionally,
data may be interpreted wrongly when the diagnosis is persistent. To diagnose CKD in patients, this study
employs a machine learning classifier. Six machine learning (ML) techniques are used in this study,
including Random Forest (RF), Random Tree (RT), Decision Table (DTa), Decision Tree (DTr), Naïve
Bayes (NB), and Hoeffding Tree and multiple performance metrics are considered such as accuracy, TPR,
FPR, recall and mean absolute error (MAE). To select the most accurate classifier for predicting CKD,
these predictive models are created using a dataset on chronic kidney disease containing 279 attributes
acquired from Kaggle. Our objective is to ease the introduction of machine learning techniques for precisely
detecting CKD by learning from dataset attribute reports. The main contribution of the research is an ML
based model for diagnosing chronic renal disease that outperforms common diagnosing techniques and
reaches the highest predicted accuracy. This study also contrasted how well each model performed. We
were able to predict this disease with the Random Forest model more accurately than ever before, at a
76.23% accuracy level.

Mechanical Fastening Methods of Polymer-Based Composites

Ayça Demirer Kahraman — 2024-10-13

Polymers and polymeric composites are increasingly used in a variety of products, mainly due
to their associated weight savings and ease of installation. There are three main joining methods for
polymers and polymeric composites: mechanical fixing, bonding and welding. When combining polymer
materials and polymer matrix composite materials, the components must be combined to meet both
mechanical loads (static and dynamic) and environmental loads (temperature and humidity). However,
especially when combining composites consisting of materials with different physical and chemical
properties, such as polymers and metals, it is very difficult to combine them with adhesives and weld them
in a way that preserves the structural integrity of the structures. In such cases, mechanical fixing procedures
are an important solution.
This article aims to explain the basic principles of the mechanical fixing process the main mechanical fixing
methods that can be used in joining polymer-based composite materials and to various features of these
methods.

Makine Öğrenmesi Teknikleriyle Potansiyel Yetenek Avı

Merve Mirza Parıldar — 2024-10-13

Bu çalışma, futbolculardaki potansiyel yeteneklerini tahmin etmek için makine öğrenimi tekniklerini
araştırmaktadır. İki veri kümesi kullanılarak futbolcuların istatistiksel özellikleri analiz edilmiş ve çeşitli
makine öğrenimi algoritmaları ile potansiyel etiketler tahmin edilmiştir. Seçilen birden fazla makine
öğrenmesi modellemelerinden en başarılı sonuç Rastgele Orman yaklaşımından elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlar,
makine öğrenimi tekniklerinin futbolculardaki potansiyeli tahmin etmede etkili olduğunu göstermektedir.
Bu yaklaşım, futbol kulüplerine, veri odaklı oyuncu seçimi yapabilme, potansiyel yetenek gösteren
oyuncuları daha doğru bir şekilde tanımlayarak gelecekteki başarılarını artırma fırsatı sunmaktadır.

Parameterized Differential Transformation Method for Solving Initial and Boundary Value Problems

Oktay Sh. Mukhtarov — 2024-10-13

Recently there has been developed various modifications of some numerical methods of
approximating the solution of high order ordinary and partial differential equations. The differential
transformation method (DTM) is one of the numerical methods that allows one to find an approximate
solution in the case of linear and nonlinear initial and/or boundary value problems for various type of
differential equations. This numerical method was first proposed by Zhou, in solving of linear and
nonlinear boundary value problems in electrical circuit analysis. The main advantage of DTM is that it
can be applied directly to solve nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations without requiring
perturbation or linearization. This study develops a new extension/generalization of DTM called α
parameterized differential transform method (α-PDTM). The α -PDTM differs from classical DTM in the
calculation of differential transform coefficients. In this work, we applied the parameterized differential
transformation method to solve the following simple but illustrative differential equation.
�
�''(x) + u(x) +3ex = 0,
together with boundary conditions
�
�(0) = 3,
�
� ∈[0,1]
�
�'(0) = 0.
We also plotted the approximate solution to demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of our own
method. The results obtained showed that the proposed new method can become an alternative way to
solve boundary value problems of various types. Note that in some concrete values of the auxiliary
parameter our own method reduces to the classic DTM.

Real-Time Apple Disease Detection and Classification Using Hybrid CNN Model

Abdul Rafay — 2024-10-13

Identifying and categorizing diseases in apple fruit is a difficult and time-consuming task in
the field of agriculture. It is crucial to have an automated method for detecting apple diseases to
effectively monitor and ensure sufficient and healthy production. While disease symptoms are visible in
the apple fruit, having experts diagnose them in a lab is expensive and time consuming. This paper
proposes a deep learning approach to detect and classify three types of common fungal diseases in apples
(apple scab, apple rot, and apple blotch) from Red Green Blue (RGB) images of apples taken at various
resolutions. The convolutional neural network model is used to distinguish between healthy and diseased
apples. Agriculture heavily relies on digital image processing and analysis to ensure the production of
high-quality fruits. Using CNN as a classifier to automatically detect and classify apple diseases, we have
experimentally proven the importance of pre-programmed knowledge in the agriculture industry. Cross
validation and testing on unseen data were conducted to exhaustively evaluate the trained model in
various parameters. The experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed deep learning-based
algorithm can accurately classify the three types of apple diseases with good accuracy.

Taguchi-GRA Optimization of Shielded Metal Arc Welding Parameters for High Strength Low Alloy Steel

Muhammad Saad Afzal — 2024-10-13

This research aims to enhance the quality of welding joints in industrial applications made from
High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steel, by optimizing the welding parameters for Shielded Metal Arc
Welding (SMAW). The quality of welds significantly impacts mechanical properties and is influenced by
factors such as welding current, welding speed, and electrode diameter. Suboptimal values of these
parameters can lead to defects, affecting mechanical characteristics adversely. In this study, we conducted
nine experiments using the Taguchi orthogonal array L9 design and applied Grey Relational Analysis
(GRA) for multi-response optimization. The optimized welding parameters, identified as 125 A current, 4
mm/s speed, and 4 mm electrode diameter, resulted in a notable 9% increase in Tensile Strength and a
3.20% improvement in hardness values, indicating significant enhancement in weld quality and joint
integrity.

Develop a model to analyse the roadside factors that affect the speed of vehicles on open-access highways

Aziz Ur Rehman — 2024-10-13

This study analysed the impact of roadside features and roadway characteristics on the travel
speed of multilane highways. Video photography collected data on traffic count and roadside factors from
ten sections. The study used the floating vehicle technique to gather data on speed, pedestrian road
crossing, and side walking simultaneously. A regression analysis was performed to examine the
correlation between speed and factors related to the roadside. The study found that pedestrian road
crossing was the most crucial speed-influencing element on open-access multilane highways, followed by
road built-up area and pedestrian side walking, through a multilinear regression analysis. The developed
models were validated using predicted and observed speeds. Proper pedestrian crossings, standing
facilities, and parking can mitigate the impact of these factors on travel speed. However, the study
determined that limiting pedestrian crossing and side walking and preventing built-up areas across the
road would increase the efficiency of open-access multilane highways.

The Crucial Role of Polytechnics and Community Colleges in Overcoming Challenges to Empower TVET in Malaysia

Mohd Daud Isa — 2024-10-13

Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) plays a vital role in developing a
skilled workforce and supporting national growth, particularly in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Malaysia has a well-established TVET system with 1,295 public and private providers. Polytechnics and
community colleges are significant contributors, accounting for 45% of TVET enrolment and producing
graduates with a marketability rate exceeding 90%. However, challenges persist in making TVET the
primary education option in Malaysia. The country's TVET agenda faces governance, industry
cooperation, quality accreditation, branding, and funding issues, which demand comprehensive solutions
to produce competent graduates that meet industry demands. To overcome these challenges, the
Malaysian government is taking initiatives to empower TVET through the establishment of the Malaysia
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (MTVET) department, Global Institute of Training and
Consulting (GITC), and Technical and Vocational Education and Training Council (TCH), as well as
funding allocation. The government aims to enhance the standardization and quality of TVET, actively
involve industries, and produce highly skilled graduates. In order to increase the number of youths
interested in TVET, comprehensive campaigns and branding efforts are necessary. By doing so, TVET
can become the top choice for preparing young people for the future. The successful implementation of
the TVET Collaboration Hub is crucial in achieving these goals, and Polytechnics and community
colleges are well-positioned to contribute significantly to this effort. By working together, all parties
involved can support the development of a highly skilled and competitive workforce that can contribute to
Malaysia's continued growth and success.

UNRAVELING THE IMPACTS OF OCEAN PLASTIC POLLUTION AND STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE MITIGATION

S. M. Rezaul Karim — 2024-10-13

Plastic pollution in the ocean is a global environmental crisis with profound consequences for
marine ecosystems, human societies, and the planet as a whole. This paper delves into the concept of plastic
pollution in the ocean, emphasizing its pervasive and detrimental effects. It highlights the role of ocean as
a source of sustenance, climate regulator, transportation route, and vital ecosystem provider. While oceans
offer immense benefits, they face dire threats from plastic pollution. The harms of plastic pollution on
marine life are explored, with a focus on ingestion, entanglement, and the introduction of harmful chemicals
into the food chain. The adverse impact on water quality, sediment contamination, navigation, and various
human activities are also discussed. Understanding the pathways of plastic leakage including land-based
activities, stormwater runoff, marine-based industries, microplastic generation, shipping and maritime
accidents, and even atmospheric deposition into the ocean is paramount. To mitigate plastic pollution,
multifaceted approaches are required. Effective waste management and reduction of plastic production and
consumption, including bans and restrictions on single-use plastics, offer tangible solutions. Extended
Producer Responsibility (EPR) programs, improved recycling, and circular economy promotion are vital
components of mitigation. Innovative cleanup technologies and the strengthening of international
agreements and regulations are essential. This paper also offers policy recommendations, including the
implementation of plastic reduction and bans, the enhancement of waste management systems, promotion
of recycling and circular economy, and the enforcement of marine pollution prevention regulations.
Education, research, and public awareness initiatives are equally critical in our collective efforts to combat
plastic pollution in the ocean and safeguard the health of our marine ecosystems and our planet.

ALÜMİNYUM TREYLERDE KAYNAK TELİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Nihat OCAK — 2024-10-13

Alüminyum ve alaşımları, otomobil üretiminden havacılığa, inşaattan savunma sanayisine kadar
geniş bir yelpazede önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Alüminyumun plakaların birleştirilmesi de önem arz
etmektedir. Sac üretim boyutları kısıtlı olduğu için ve sektörde farklı tasarımlar çıktığı için iki alüminyum
metalini birleştirmek önemlidir. Bu birleştirme malzemenin dayanımı ve özellikleri konusundan önem arz
etmektedir. Bu çalışma, 5182 alüminyum alaşımının farklı kaynak telleri kullanılarak TIG(tungsten asal
gaz) kaynağı ile kaynaklanmasının mekanik özelliklerini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. İki farklı kaynak
telinin (5554 ve 5556) kullanıldığı deneylerde, kaynak sonrası görüntülemeler, radyografik muayene ve
XRD analizleri ile kaynak bölgeleri incelenmiştir.

Inference of Sejahtera Academic Framework (SAF) principles in architecture pedagogy at DoA-KAED, IIUM

Nayeem Asif — 2024-10-13

Malaysia is deemed to leverage its human capital towards skillful professionals. In all fields of
tertiary education, students are shaped with the foundations of digitalization, cloud computing, the
Internet of Things, (IoT); Artificial Intelligent (A.I), Big Data, metaverse, autonomous robotics etc.
Nevertheless, with all these emergent advancements, is there any guarantee that human value would not
be jeopardized? This article infers the discourse of humanizing education, using the notion of Sejahtera
Academic Framework (SAF) principles, especially on its applicability to architecture pedagogy. With the
emergence of IR 4.0 advancements that overwhelms the tertiary education, a question has arisen, is there
any guarantee that human value would not be jeopardized? Hence, this paper has the objective to evaluate
the current pedagogic practice in architecture education in relation to the core principles and the auxiliary
tools of Sejahtera Academic Framework (SAF). To achieve the objective, qualitative approach of content
analysis is conducted as a strategy to inquire understanding on the subject discussed. This preliminary
research is significant to ensure alignment between SAF and architecture pedagogy could be established
firmly, to support the university’s vision.

Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from ground beef in Tirana market

Sonila Çoçoli — 2024-10-13

Salmonella is a pathogen bacterium that can cause foodborne disease in humans. One of the
common sources of Salmonella is contaminated meat, including ground beef. Raw or undercooked meat,
infected with multidrug-resistant Salmonella remains a pertinent public health risk The bacteria can be
spread by food handlers who do not maintain proper hygiene when manipulating with their hands and/or
do not clean the surfaces and tools they use between food preparation steps. This study was conducted to
investigate the resistant strains of Salmonella spp. in ground beef of Tirana market. A total of 30 samples
were evaluated; 7 samples resulted Salmonella spp. positive (23,3%) and moreover these strains were
resistant to two or more antibiotics. The resistance levels of the isolates, against 8 different antimicrobial
agents were tested and showed a high resistance rate. The results showed the possible significance of ground
beef as a source of multiple antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella for human infections and suggest the need
for detailed epidemiological study.

Control of a wind conversion chain based on PMSG integrating a vienna rectifier and Shunt Active Power Filters

SID AHMED FEKROUN — 2024-10-13

This article exposes an electricity production system, composed of a wind turbine with
horizontal axis connected to a synchronous generator with permanent magnet (with pole), connected to
the network via a power circuit combining a rectifier of Vienna controlled by the command vector with
SVPWM modulation and shunt Active Power Filter (sAPF) using the P-Q algorithm. The simulation
results show a good performance of the proposed control strategy.

Eco-Conscious Tourism: A study on Green Turtle conservation measures at Pantai Kerachut, Penang

Nayeem Asif — 2024-10-13

The impact of tourism on the safety of green turtle hatching at Pantai Kerachut, Penang,
Malaysia has been reviewed in this paper. It emphasizes the need for sustainable ecotourism practices to
protect the reproduction processes of endangered green turtles. The uncontrolled influx of tourists at
Penang National Park has raised concerns about its biodiversity and ecosystem. The study aims to
understand the existing situation related to tourism-based activities at Pantai Kerachut and their
repercussions on green turtle reproduction. The findings reveal that while authorities are making efforts to
control the number and activities of tourists to safeguard the ecosystem, room for improvement remains.
Illegal activities such as night camping disrupt the hatching process of turtles, necessitating stricter
monitoring. Furthermore, tourist facilities at Pantai Kerachut do not adhere to proper safety standards,
particularly concerning the jetty, accessibility, sanitation, and other essential amenities. There is potential
for enhancing the nesting environment for green turtles by introducing suitable vegetation along the
shoreline. To address these concerns, a comprehensive review of existing tourism rules and activities
based on national ecotourism policies is recommended. Specific guidelines tailored to the unique
ecosystem of Penang National Forest should also be developed. Lastly, further research is proposed to
investigate the hatching patterns and suitable environmental conditions for green turtles. This research
also projected to define specific time durations and activities with appropriate facilities, ensuring the
proper management of tourism and the preservation of the ecosystem at Pantai Kerachut.

Ekolojik ve Ekonomik Sistemlerde Besin Olarak Böcekler

Aysel Kekillioğlu — 2024-10-13

Böcekler, ekosferde yer alan hemen hemen tüm besin zicir ve ağlarının en önemli bileşenleridir.
Üreme, adaptasyon ve yayıma yeteneklerinin etkisi ile hayvansal organizmaların yaklaşık 2/3 lük kısmını
oluşturan bu canlılar nitel ve nicel olarak da biyolojik çeçitlilik bakımından da en zengin biotik
faktörlerdendir. İlerleyen yıllarda dünya nüfusunun çok artacağı öngörülmekte ve artan nüfus, şehirleşme
oranının büyümesi, ekonomik nedenler ve bazı çevresel faktörler nedeniyle, insanların yeterli miktarda
hayvansal ürün kaynaklarına ulaşmada büyük sorunlar yaşayacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu sebeple
geleneksel protein kaynakları yetersiz kalacak olup, yenilebilir böceklerin alternatif protein kaynakları,
mineraller ve vitaminler açısından zengin olduğu hesaba katılacaktır. Günümüzde birçok böcek türü
yenilebilmektedir. Böcek üretimi için özel bir alana ihtiyaç duyulmaması ve çiftlik hayvanlarına kıyasla,
daha az sera ve amonyak gazı üretmesi de yenilebilir böcekleri sürdürülebilir beslenme için de önemli bir
alternatif besin kaynağına dönüştürmektedir. Ayrıca anti-obezite, antimikrobiyal ve antioksidan
özellikleri mevcut olsa da, böcekler, çeşitli biyolojik, kimyasal ve fiziksel tehlikelerin de kaynağı
olabilmektedir ve bu nedenle yenilebilir böcekler ile ilgili araştırmaların artması, böceklere özel mevzuat
ve kalite kontrollerin oluşturulması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, böceklerin ekolojik
sistemlerdeki rolleri vurgulanarak, özellikle yenilebilir böceklerin besin kaynağı olarak kullanımı,
potansiyel yararlı-zararlı etkileri ve gıda alanında kullanımlarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

İstilacı Tür Olarak L. decemlineata Say, 1824 (Insecta: Chrysomelidae) Üzerine Analiz

Aysel Kekillioğlu — 2024-10-13

Patateslerin en zararlı böceklerinden biri patates böceğidir. Patates böceği (Leptinotarsa
decemlineata Say, 1824), Chrysomelidae familyasına ait bir böcektir. Dünya çapında tanımlanan 35.000
tür ile Coleoptera takımının üçüncü en büyük familyasıdır. Bu familyanın üyeleri hem larva hem de ergin
olarak bitkilerle beslenir ve her iki yaşam evresi de aynı veya ilgili bitki türlerini tüketir. Birçok tür
konukçuya özgüdür. Bu tür ilk olarak Thomas Say tarafından 1824 yılında Doryphora cinsinin bir üyesi
olarak tanımlanmıştır (Say, 1824). Familyanin diğer üyeleriyle olan morfolojik benzerliklere dayanarak,
Suffrian (1858) organizmanın yeniden sınıflandırılması gerektiğini belirtmiş ancak kendisi herhangi bir
resmi değişiklik yapmamıştır. L. decemlineata 19. yüzyılın ortalarında bir sorun haline gelmiş ve bilim
camiasının büyük ilgisini çekmiştir. Patates endüstrisinde, böcek zorlu bir tehlike olmaya devam etmekte
ve coğrafi kapsamını sürekli olarak dünyanın diğer bölgelerine doğru genişletmektedir. Çeşitli stres
faktörlerine karşı potansiyel dayanıklılığının yanı sıra, çeşitli ve adaptasyon yeteneği yüksek yaşam
döngü ve süreci nedeniyle kontrol edilmesi çok zor bir haşeredir. Bu bağlamda; çalışmanın amaç ve
içeriğini, Patates böceği olarak bilinen Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, 1824 ‘nın istilacı tür olarak
analizi oluşturmaktadır.

A review on Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle & Manceaux, 1908) (Apicomplexa:Sarcocystidae)

Manal Al-hajj — 2024-10-13

In this work, the protozoan of Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle & Manceaux, 1908)
(Apicomplexa:Sarcocystidae) is reviewed. Toxoplasma gondii is intracellular parasite belonging to the
phylum of apicomplexa. It is a common protozoan of warm-blooded animals, and it distributes
worldwide, causing infection in eyes’ retina, brain and other regions of the body. It has been reported that
toxoplasmosis is one of neglected disease by CDC. The first discovery of this intracellular parasite was in
1908, and later in 1957 was detected causing abortion in animal. In 1970, it was the first time for
recognizing the life cycle of it, they were found that cats (felids in general) are the final host, and the
stage of oocyst is occurring in the stool of infected cats. For prevention, T.gondii can be prevented by
hygiene, and it considers the only way preventive measure because vaccination technology is not
discovered yet for toxoplasmosis prevention in human.

BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Muhammad Sabeel Shah — 2024-10-13

Energy storage options that are adaptable, controllable, and more effective have boosted interest
in electric cars. Electric cars would have a driving motor that was powered by a large battery pack. It's
important to comprehend the battery's power density, endurance, flexible electrochemical behavior, and
temperature tolerance. Electric cars and renewable energy storage systems both require battery management
systems. The study discusses issues, challenges, and battery-related solutions. The battery management
system includes temperature management, battery data actuation and storage, voltage and current
monitoring, charge and discharge estimates, protection, and equalization. The different cell balancing
circuit types, their components, current and voltage stresses, control reliability, power loss, efficiency, size,
cost, and their advantages and disadvantages were also described in this study. Second, we discuss battery
management system issues and difficulties. We also point out issues and challenges that require further
attention if battery management systems for electric cars and renewable energy storage systems are to be
optimum and sustainable.

Silis Kumu Katmanlı Kompozit Basınçlı Su Borularının Kataner Direği Olarak Kullanılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi

Cihat ARDA — 2024-10-13

Bu çalışmada iç basınç etkisinde çalışan Cam Fiber ve Silis Kumu Takviyeli Plastik Kompozit (CTP)
bir borunun elektrik enerjisinden beslenen raylı sistemlerde kullanılan beton veya çelik bir Katener Direği
yerine kullanılabilmesi için gerekli bilimsel ve teknolojik altyapılar araştırılmıştır. Mevcut su borularının
çoğunlukla 90 Hoop sarımlı Filament Sarım tekniğiyle ve 25 Bar’lık azami iç basınca dayanacak şekilde
üretildiği öncelikle tespit edilmiştir. Benzer kesit geometrisi ve uzunluğa sahip bir Katener Direğinin
çalışabilme kabul şartları ise Eğme Momentleri temelli bir takım sehim kriterlerinin sağlanmasıdır.
Gerçekleştirilen Sonlu Eleman bazlı bilimsel çalışmalar ve mevcut üretim tezgâhı dönüştürülme imkânı
incelemeleri neticesinde, Su Borularıyla aynı katman kalınlıkları ve benzer matris-fiber kompozit
bileşenleri ancak bu defa farklı bir açısal sarım yaklaşımıyla yeni CTP Katener Direklerinin asgari maliyette
üretilebileceği tespit edilmiştir.

Loss Factor Behavior of Oil Impregnated Paper Under the Effect of Temperature and Aging using Frequency Domain Spectroscopy

Younes Dib — 2024-10-13

Power transformer is crucial and expensive electrical transmission component. Regular
maintenance is essential for prolonging the operational lifespan of this device. Dielectric testing
techniques are a tool for evaluating and predicting the condition of transformer insulation systems. This
paper investigates loss factor variation for two types of oil-impregnated paper used in power transformers,
kraft and pressboard. During laboratory experiments, dielectric loss values were examined at different
temperatures and thermal aging based on frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) with a frequency range
from 0,01Hz to 1000Hz. The results showed that temperature and aging are two significant factors that
influence the loss factor and the quality of the insulation of paper. In addition, these experiments revealed
that a correlation exists between frequency and these two factors. Such correlation can be utilized for
better prediction of paper insulation lifetime.

Totem-Kutuplu Köprüsüz Yükseltici PFC Dönüştürücünün Performans Değerlendirmesi

Yasin BEKTAŞ — 2024-10-13

Elektrik güç dönüştürücülerinin avantajlarına rağmen, özellikle şebeke tarafında ortaya çıkan güç
kalitesi sorunları, önemli bir dezavantaj olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Artan enerji talebi göz önüne
alındığında, güç kalitesi sorunları güç dönüştürücü verimini de etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma, AC-DC
dönüştürücülerin güç kalitesi sorunlarına etkili çözümler sunabilen Güç Faktörü Düzeltmeli (PFC)
dönüştürücülerden olan köprüsüz yükseltici ve totem-kutuplu köprüsüz dönüştürücüleri incelemektedir.
PFC dönüştürücüleri sürekli iletim modunda çalıştırılmış, gerilim kontrolü için PI kontrolör, akım kontrolü
için ise Oransal-Rezonans (PR) kontrolörü kullanılmıştır. PFC yapıları PLECS yazılımı ile simüle
edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, giriş akımının harmonik içeriği, güç faktörü ve verim açısından totem
kutuplu köprüsüz PFC yapısının, güç kalitesi sorunlarına karşı daha yüksek verimli bir çözüm sunduğunu
ortaya koymuştur.

Nesnelerin İnterneti ve Kullanım Genişliği Kapsamında Tarım ve Hayvancılık Alanlarında Araştırma Örnekleri

Kamil Aykutalp GÜNDÜZ — 2024-10-13

Nesnelerin İnterneti (Internet of Things, IoT) teknolojisi ile dünyayı gözlemleme yeteneğine sahip,
veri işleyebilen, verileri analiz edebilen ve karar verme işlemleri gerçekleştirebilen, kablosuz algılayıcılar
yardımıyla canlı cansız nesneleri tanımlayabilen sistemler geliştirilmeye başlanmıştır. IoT, hakkında çok
fazla araştırma çalışması olduğundan ve halen gelişmesi devam eden bir teknoloji olması sebebiyle birçok
tanımı bulunmaktadır. Casagras’ın final raporunda (Coordination and Support Action Global RFID-related
Activities and Standardization), fiziki donanıma sahip nesneler ile sanal nesneler arasında iletişimi kuran,
veri üretilmesi ve üretilen verilerin paylaşımını sağlayan küresel bir altyapı olduğuna vurgu yapılmıştır.
İletişim teknolojilerinin ve yapay zekânın etkin bir şekilde ilerlemesiyle günlük hayat içerisinde verilerin
toplanması, yorumlanması, kayıt altına alınarak izlenmesi ve karar verme algoritmalarının oluşturulması
büyük önem kazanmaktadır. IoT teknolojisinin temelini Makineden Makineye İletişim (M2M) oluşturur.
IoT destekli cihazlar, internet üzerinden birbirleriyle protokoller aracılığıyla iletişim kurabilir ve böylece
kendi aralarında veri aktarımı yapabilirler. Bu özelliğinden dolayı IoT teknolojilerinin verdiği olanaklarla,
akıllı şehir, akıllı ev, akıllı trafik, akıllı tarım ve biyomedikal sistemlerinin yanı sıra kullanım alanlarının
genişliği ile göz önünde bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada IoT teknolojilerinin kullanıldığı geniş bir alanda
yazılmış tez ve makale çalışmaları incelenmiş, kaynaklar listelenmiş ve araştırmacılar için hem akademik
hem de ticari alanlardaki farklı çeşitlilikleri göz önüne getirilmiştir.

Development of Antimicrobial Plastic Material for Automotive Applications

Jennifer TATA — 2024-10-13

This article discusses the development of antibacterial plastic materials that can inhibit the
growth and spread of harmful microorganisms on plastic surfaces. The incorporation of antibacterial
additives into plastic formulations has been explored to address the issue of bacterial contamination in
various sectors, including healthcare, food packaging, and consumer goods. The article presents the results
of trials conducted on three different antibacterial plastic materials: 20% talc-filled polypropylene, unfilled
polyamide 6, and 35% glassfiber-reinforced polyamide 6, enhanced with silver and zinc pyrithione
additives. These materials are tried in recliner lever of car seats which is handled by driver and passangers.
The antibacterial activity of these materials was tested using standardized methods to evaluate their
effectiveness in reducing microbial contamination. The results showed that the incorporation of silver and
zinc pyrithione significantly reduced bacterial growth on the plastic surfaces, making these materials
suitable for applications where hygiene is crucial in nowadays.
The article also discusses the benefits of these antibacterial plastic materials, including their versatility,
durability, and public health benefits. As research in this field continues, more advanced antibacterial
plastic materials are expected to emerge, providing additional protection against microbial threats in our
everyday lives. The development of these materials represents a significant step forward in improving the
hygiene and safety of various products and applications.

Portfolio Optimization with Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms

Tohid Yousefi — 2024-10-13

One of the critical issues in financial management is the investment decision-making process,
and one of the main goals of investment management is optimal stock portfolio selection. In this context,
there are various criteria and methods for optimal stock portfolio selection in the literature. This article
first calculates investment return and investment risk using data from 6 companies such as Amazon,
Yahoo, Microsoft, IBM, Apple, and Google for a one-month period from January 2014 to November
2014. Investment is calculated by 4 classical methods (mean-variance, mean-semi variance, mean
absolute deviation, conditional value at risk). As a result of these calculations, 0.05706, 0.028409,
0.028871, and 0.032995 with maximum ROI (0.0142 respectively) and Risk are calculated for each
classical method. Then, meta-heuristic methods (PSO, NSGA-II) are used for optimal selection of the
portfolio. As a result of the calculations, it can be seen that the NSGA-II meta-heuristic algorithm tends to
achieve the highest return on investment with a lower risk. These results suggest that the integration of
advanced computational methods, such as multi-objective optimization algorithms, may be important to
improve the precision and efficiency of portfolio selection in financial management. This can provide
valuable insights for investors and financial analysts.

Comparing the Transform-based Algorithms to Handle Constraint Multiobjective Optimization Problems

Okkes Tolga Altinoz — 2024-10-13

Engineering problems are converted to multiobjective problems and the methods to solve these
problems have progressed significantly in recent years. However, most of these algorithms are designed to
solve unconstrained multiobjective optimization problems. In fact, many engineering problems contains s
large number of constraints. For this reason, handling the constraints is relatively hard challenge for
multiobjective algorithms. In recent years, the constraint handling methods have achieved promising
performance. Among these handling techniques, transforming the problem to a different problem to handle
the constraint looks promising and relatively new papers have been focusing on these frameworks. Hence
in this research this constraint handling algorithms discussed on a set of multiobjective algorithms and
analyzed their performances by comparing them with each other.

Adsorption of cationic dyes with electrospun adsorbent fibers

A.I. Abdul Jalil — 2024-10-13

The use of electrospun fiber using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as an adsorbent is a promising
premise in the treatment of dyed wastewater, such as brilliant green dye, from the environment.
Electrospinning is the technology where polymer solutions can be formed into micro to nano-sized fibers
that contain massive potential in wastewater treatment technology. In the present study, PAN/Bentonite
(PAN/Ben) was prepared by suspending bentonite powder in PAN solution before the electrospinning
process. The composite electrospun adsorbent fiber is then used for treating cationic dye wastewater. The
composition and morphology study of the adsorbent fiber found that the diameter of the fibers formed at
3.42 µm with elements of bentonite embedded in it. The adsorption ability of the adsorbent fibers reached
96% removal of 100 ppm dye concentration, with 64.84 mg/g adsorption capacity. The batch adsorption
analysis demonstrated that the adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm best, showing that the
adsorption process consists of monolayer adsorption on the surface of the adsorbent fiber. The experimental
data fits better in the pseudo-second order kinetic model, proving the adsorption to be chemisorption. The
pH and temperature study found that the adsorbent performs better as the pH levels increase from neutral
to basic conditions, meanwhile the fiber adsorption ability improves as the temperature of the solution
increase. The present work can provide new ways to utilize the electrospinning technology for adsorption
fibers.

Seasonal Determination of Particulate Matter (PM) Pollution in Harran University Osmanbey Campus

Tuba Rastgeldi Doğan — 2024-10-13

Inhalable particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) pollution is a significant environmental and
public health issue globally. Exposure to high levels of PM, especially fine particles, can have severe
health consequences. These particles can come from a variety of sources, including natural events like
dust storms and wildfires, as well as human activities such as industrial processes and transportation. In
order to determine PM2.5 and PM10 levels at Şanlıurfa Harran University Osmanbey Campus, samples
were taken at certain times of the day using the Termo Scientific pDR 1500 personal DataRam sampler
device in the autumn and spring seasons. In order to determine spatial difference, 40 different points were
determined within the campus. The highest value for PM2.5 in November 2019 was measured at Point 5
with 39.46 µg/m3. The highest value for PM10 was measured at Point 5 with 70.08 µg/m3. The highest
value for PM2.5 in April 2020 was measured at Point 1 with 46.79 µg/m3. The highest value for PM10 was
measured at Point 5 with 78.38 µg/m3. Considering the spatial distribution seven points (1, 5, 10, 14, 15,
16, and 32) with the highest PM2.5 and PM10 pollution were determined among 40 different points
determined for both periods. Common reasons for this include the fact that these points are exposed to
heavy vehicle use, the months in which the study was carried out are seasonal transition months, and dust
transport is at its highest levels in these months, which supports the results. Moreover, low pollution
levels were determined at the points where there is almost no vehicle use and are far from the campus
center.

Enhancing Properties of 3D Printed Polymers: A Review of Recent Post Processing Methods

Ziya Mehdiyev — 2024-10-13

With the introduction of additive manufacturing, traditional manufacturing processes have
been reinterpreted, with 3D printing emerging as a transformational technology across multiple industries.
Specifically, the utilization of polymers in 3D printing has surged due to their versatility, cost
effectiveness, and ease of processing. However, while 3D printing enables unparalleled design
complexity, some properties of printed polymer parts often necessitate further refinement to meet high
performance standards. Post-processing techniques have grown in popularity as a result of challenges
such as restricted mechanical strength, surface roughness, and material-specific restrictions. This
comprehensive review explores recent advancements in post-processing methodologies applied to 3D
printed polymer parts, aiming to enhance their mechanical, thermal, and aesthetic properties. The paper
delves into an extensive analysis of various techniques, categorizing them into mechanical enhancements,
surface finish improvements, and functional enhancements. Techniques such as annealing or heat
treatment have been investigated for their capacity to improve mechanical integrity, while sanding,
polishing, and chemical treatments have been employed to refine surface finishes. Coatings, including
priming, painting, and specialized nano-coatings, have demonstrated their efficacy in augmenting both
functional and aesthetic attributes. Understanding and applying these techniques is critical not just for
achieving current performance requirements, but also for realizing the full potential of additive
manufacturing across a wide range of industries. This investigation highlights the significance of post
processing techniques in expanding the capabilities and applications of 3D-printed polymer parts.

Unveiling Alzheimer's Disease via MRI: Deep Learning Approaches for Accurate Detection

Mais Alhamidi — 2024-10-13

This study conducted a comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms to discern the most
effective approach for detecting Alzheimer's disease (AD). Timely and precise detection of AD stands
crucial for efficient intervention in this prevalent neurodegenerative disorder among the elderly. Deep
learning algorithms have demonstrated promising outcomes in AD diagnosis through the examination of
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The research focused specifically on evaluating the performance
of diverse deep learning architectures, encompassing CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), in detecting
AD using MRI images. Utilizing a substantial dataset comprising MRI scans from both AD patients and
healthy individuals, the models were trained to automatically extract discriminative features from these
images. Experimental results underscore the effectiveness of the proposed models, notably the active use
of MobileNet and CNN, which achieved an impressive accuracy of 95.92% in identifying Alzheimer's
disease. These findings highlight the superior performance of CNN and MobileNet compared to DenseNet
and Inception V3 in AD detection, emphasizing their potential for accurate identification of AD compared
to other algorithms. Such insights offer valuable direction for selecting the most appropriate algorithm for
AD diagnosis, considering critical factors such as accuracy, computational efficiency, and resource
availability. However, further exploration and validation employing larger and more diverse datasets are
essential to establish the broader applicability and clinical relevance of these algorithms in real-world
scenarios for AD detection.

Monitoring Physics Education Curricula through the teachers perspective

Edlira Habilaj — 2024-10-13

Physics Education in Albania, during the last years is subject of continuous discussions
between educational experts, teachers and professors. The implementation of the new curricula from
2012, caused a lot of problems, that we are faced every day. The scope of this survey based study was to
have some quantitative results of the discussions made between colleagues and experts, in order to make
based statements for improvements or changes of the actual curricula to the Ministry of Education. The
survey was performed in 12 districts of Albania, and 125 teacher of public/private middle and high
schools were part of it. In this work we are focused just in one of the parts of the survey: the number of
hours per week in physics in middle and high schools. We asked to the teachers that were part of our
survey, the number of hours they teach physics in a week in different classes, if these hours were
sufficient or no, and if they had suggestions of how many the number of hours per week in different
classes should be. As we expected, teachers believe that the number of hours per week should increase in
order to enforce the students' abilities, background and prepare them for the future in the university.

The quality of groundwater in the Boumalne region

Hayat GHACHOUI — 2024-10-13

The negative contribution of humans has unbalanced the climate chain (biosphere, hydrosphere,
geosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere). Because of the demographic explosion and industrial development.
This has given rise to the notion of water scarcity. The contamination by chemical molecules and pathogens
with clinical relevance represents a challenge for global public health, specifically in arid zones such as the
Boumalne region. Thus, groundwater quality monitoring is necessary to provide early warnings and guide
public policies to protect these precious resources. The present project focused, on the physical, chemical,
and biological, characterization of the groundwater Dad. This investigation consists of analyzing 18
samples which were taken, of stations extending all Dades`s river starting from the upstream till the
downstream. Boumalne's groundwater has a good pH with excellent total iron levels. However, electrical
conductivity, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and total coliforms are varied from low to excellent.
Nitrate levels vary from average to excellent. Physico-chemical and biological quality decreases from
upstream to downstream.

DOĞRU AKIM ÖZDİRENÇ YÖNTEMİ DÜŞEY ELEKTRİK SONDAJ TEKNİĞİ KULLANILARAK TATLI SU AKİFER POTANSİYELİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI: ÇANAKKALE ŞEHRİ ÖRNEĞİ

Savaş Gürçay — 2024-10-13

Çanakkale Boğazı’nın hemen yanında yer alan Çanakkale Şehri, yeraltı sularından
yararlanmaktadır. Çanakkale şehri ve çevresinde deniz suyu girişimi nedeniyle tatlı su akiferleri yüksek
risk altındadır. Bu durum gelecekte Çanakkale'deki yeraltı suyu rezervuarlarının zarar görmesi gibi büyük
sorunlara yol açabilecektir. Çanakkale İli ve çevresindeki tatlı su akiferlerinin araştırılması bu nedenle
büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Bilindiği gibi doğru akım özdirenç yöntemi düşey elektrik sondaj(DES)
tekniği Schlumberger elektrot dizilimi yeraltı suyu aramalarında en sık kullanılan tekniklerden biridir. Bu
çalışmada 117 noktada doğru akım özdirenç yöntemi düşey elektrik sondaj(DES) tekniği Schlumberger
elektrot dizilimi uygulanmış, jeofizik veriler toplandıktan sonra bu veriler kuyu logu verileriyle birlikte
yorumlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak özdirenç çalışmalarından elde edilen veriler ışığında olası tatlı su akiferleri
belirlenmiştir.

VERİ TOPLAMA ESNASINDA GEMİ YÖNÜ DEĞİŞİMİNİN CHIRP DENİZ MÜHENDİSLİK SİSMİĞİ VERİSİNE ETKİSİ

Savaş Gürçay — 2024-10-13

CHIRP deniz mühendislik sismiği yöntemi deniz tabanı ve altındaki yapıların jeolojik olarak
yorumlanmasında oldukça önemli avantajlar sunmaktadır. Ancak, pek çok yöntemde olduğu gibi CHIRP
yönteminde de veriler yorumlanırken veri toplama aşamalarında yaşanmış olan olumsuz durumların ve
etkilerin bilinmesi ve yorumlama işlemlerinin buna göre yapılması gerekir. Bu çalışmada, Ege Denizi
açıklarında toplanmış CHIRP verisinin, veri toplanan sismik hat boyunca geminin yön değiştirmesi
sonucu CHIRP deniz mühendislik sismiği verisinde nasıl bir değişikliğe neden olabileceği incelenmiş ve
yorumlanırken dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalara değinilmiştir.

Program Code Simulation by Using Ozobot

Krisztina Czakóová — 2024-10-13

Visualization of the problem solving process greatly supports the deep learning and problem
solving skills. In this paper, we focus on using of modern technologies in the teaching of informatics, which
is highly motivational for programmers. The presented programmable robotic tool Ozobot contributes to
experiential teaching of informatics. The robot is easy to control and is capable of making visualization of
program code with immediate feedback regarding the current situation in the game. The learners can easily
create programs without the need to write commands or to understand programming concepts. The non
textual code representation (using symbolic notation or block-based programming) supports the prevention
of syntax errors in high level. The beginners in programming can store the program code by the selection
of valid commands and style it by moving blocks or tiles. Young programmers can think creatively while
playing and solving a new algorithmical problems. We will introduce the possibilities of Ozobot coding
and detail the possibilities of building programming skills and techniques at the lowest as well as at medium
level, based on the programming activities. Based on the complexity and variety of the commands
OzoBlockly programming environment provides the programming in five categories of difficulty. Our
recommended programming activities are based on the interactivity and experimentation.

Investigating The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources on Networked Microgrids Using Probabilistic Load Flow

Abdulkerim İskenderoğlu — 2024-10-13

Efforts to reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuels have led to the proliferation of
renewable energy sources in the power grid. As a result of the increase in renewable energy sources such
as solar and wind, uncertainties in the grid have increased. It is not possible to observe these increasing
uncertainties with deterministic methods. Therefore, it is necessary to observe the output values for different
input conditions using stochastic methods. Probabilistic power flow (PPF) was used as a stochastic method
in our study. We performed the study on a micro-grid (MG) test system with Monte Carlo Simulation
(MCS), which gives more accurate results than other methods. This method records the results by
performing the deterministic power flow repeatedly with high repetition numbers. With the increasing
processing power of computers, Monte Carlo simulations can be performed much faster. The test system
used utilizes multiple microgrids (MGs). There are no studies in the literature using MGs of this complexity.
In the test system used, four microgrids are connected to each other. In the results obtained, we can see the
total losses region by region. Only the lines between the microgrids are approaching their limits. The aim
of this study was to produce a program that can perform probabilistic power flow analysis in MGs. By
making improvements in the developed program, probabilistic load flow was performed in a very high
busbar system in a short time.

SWOT Analysis of the Tobacco Industry in the Republic of North Macedonia

Katerina Kareska — 2024-10-13

This research aims to conduct a comprehensive SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities,
and Threats) analysis of the tobacco industry in the Republic of North Macedonia. The purpose of this
study is to assess the internal and external factors influencing the industry's current status and potential
future developments.
Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, including literature review, data
analysis, and expert interviews, this analysis provides valuable insights into the key aspects of the tobacco
industry in the country.
The results of the SWOT analysis indicate several significant findings. In terms of strengths, the
Republic of North Macedonia has a long-standing tradition and expertise in tobacco cultivation,
contributing to a well-established market and profitability for farmers. However, weaknesses are
identified, including the increasing health concerns associated with smoking and the environmental
impact of tobacco cultivation. The industry is also subject to various regulations, posing challenges for
farmers and industry players.
Opportunities exist for diversification, with the potential to explore alternative crops or
sustainable tobacco production methods. Additionally, emerging markets present growth opportunities for
the industry, particularly in developing countries. However, threats such as anti-tobacco regulations,
declining tobacco consumption due to health awareness, market competition from substitutes, and social
stigma pose challenges for the industry's future prospects.
This SWOT analysis provides valuable insights for industry stakeholders, policymakers, and
researchers interested in understanding the dynamics of the tobacco industry in the Republic of North
Macedonia. The findings highlight the need for sustainable practices, product innovation, and strategic
adaptations to navigate the changing landscape of the tobacco industry in a responsible and profitable
manner.

Inverse Quasi-Cyclic Codes and Automorphism Cyclic Codes

Mustafa ÖZKAN — 2024-10-13

Certain information is included to introduce cyclic codes on the finite ring. These are the
structure of the ring, its status as a linear code, weight function and distance concepts. Here the Lee
weight function is given for the ring. An automorphism is defined on the ring. With the help of defined
function, the composition of automorphism cyclic codes was constructed. A separate isometry is defined
to determine the correspondences of the codes on the rings on the objects. Then, the definition of the
inverse quasi-cyclic code is given and certain propositions and theorems are presented. It has been shown
that the image code of a code under isometry and the inverse quasi-cyclic shift transformation are the
same code as automorphism and the image of a cyclic code under isometry is the same code. Moreover,
the results and proofs regarding the written permutation, inverse quasi-cyclic code and automorphism
cyclic codes are included.

The Effects of Neonicotinoid Insecticide/Thiamethoxamin on Environmental and Aquatic Ecosystems

Gökhan NUR — 2024-10-13

Pesticides are chemical mixtures developed to target certain organisms, kill them, control or
reduce their damage. Insecticides can be classified as subgroups of pesticides. In this study, the effects of
neonicotinoid insecticides and thiamethoxam, a derivative of neonicotinoid, on aquatic ecosystem were
investigated. Pesticides are frequently used in the agriculture and food industry, and their unusual use poses
a threat to the lives of creatures that are not a target in the ecosystem. Although they are used in small
amounts, neonicotinoid-derived drugs also pose a threat to human health because they accumulate in the
central nervous system and cause chronic poisoning. Similarly, as a result of industrial waste or excessive
use in agriculture, the residues of these pesticides mix with the nature and cause deterioration of the aquatic
ecosystem. Though its high volatility and low concentration in water pose little threat to aquatic organisms,
its absorption and storage in the fat tissues of these organisms that human consume as food leads to toxicity
to human health. Therefore, the definition, classification, properties and effects of pesticides were
investigated in detail.

A Compact Microstrip Planar Crossover for LTE Applications

Mert Yerli — 2024-10-13

Microwave integrated circuits (MICs) are becoming increasingly important in communication
systems due to their ability to efficiently transfer power and signals using crossover structures.
Conventional crossover designs, however, suffer from significant signal and power losses, limiting their
performance. In various studies, there are complex planar designs, MICs and Radio Frequency (RF) circuits
operating from frequencies and bands. This paper proposes a novel fully symmetric four-port microstrip
planar crossover that overcomes these limitations. A square microstrip structure with a size of
80.0 × 80.0 ×1.6 mm3 is presented in the design, which has a planar crossover and wide band gap at an
operating frequency of 2.1 GHz. The proposed design provides excellent isolation between ports and
minimizes signal and power losses, making it a promising solution for MICs and RF circuits for LTE
applications.

Innovations in Ocean Plastic Cleanup Technologies for Preserving Marine Resources

Sarker Mohammad Rezaul Karim — 2024-10-13

Plastic pollution in ocean is a burning issue globally and cleanup of the debris from the ocean is
essential. The manuscript provides a thorough examination of diverse innovative ocean cleanup
technologies, showcasing their unique strengths and contributions. Boyan Slat's Ocean Cleanup System
excels in addressing large debris, while Seabin Technology effectively targets surface-level plastics in
marinas. Mr. Trash Wheel demonstrates high efficiency in rivers, preventing plastics from entering oceans.
Drones and Autonomous Vehicles offer versatility and coverage for large areas, while Community-Based
Cleanup Initiatives foster engagement and address plastics at their source. The Bubble Barrier is effective
in capturing floating plastics in rivers, and the Ocean Cleanup Interceptor efficiently tackles plastic
pollution in river mouths. Bio-Inspired Cleanup explores biomimicry for precise plastic identification. The
FRED (Floating Robot) is a mobile solution designed for high seas cleanup. Aquatic Drones with AI
leverage artificial intelligence for precise plastic identification for collection, and Ocean Plastic Collector
Arrays provide a passive, scalable design for surface-level plastics. This comprehensive review equips
researchers and practitioners with valuable insights into the diverse and effective strategies available to
combat ocean plastic pollution.

Network Anomaly Detection Using a Hybrid Approach of Machine Learning Algorithms

Feyza ÖZGER — 2024-10-13

Internet, while being of vital importance, has also brought along cyber attacks and threats.
Detection systems in cybersecurity have gained importance to counter these threats. Systems like network
anomaly detection can identify abnormal activities by learning normal network traffic. Hybrid models have
shown high success in cyber attack detection. In tests conducted on the KDD Cup 1999 dataset, machine
learning methods such as Decision Trees, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, and k-Nearest
Neighbors have exhibited high accuracy levels. Two different hybrid feature selection methods, PCA +
RFECV and RFECV + FS, were compared, and it was observed that feature selection plays a critical role
in classification performance. These methods can enhance classification performance by reducing the
dimensionality of the dataset and selecting meaningful features. This study emphasizes the importance of
cybersecurity detection systems in minimizing the potential damage of digital attacks while safeguarding
the information of individuals and organizations.

How Renewable Energy Affect Economic Growth in a Member State of the European Union? VECM Evidence from the Netherlands

Burak Seyhan — 2024-10-13

Energy has an important quality considering that it provides opportunities to compete in
international markets and triggers growth mechanisms. In this respect, both non-renewable and renewable
energy sources are important cost elements in production functions, and on the other hand, they are also an
important manufacturing input. In addition to the fact that fossil energy resources are not infinite in nature,
global and environmental problems have led the world to search for new energy sources. This search has
led humankind to renewable energy sources that exist in nature, do not cause environmental degradation,
and can quickly renew themselves in case of depletion. The problems arising from the use of non-renewable
energy resources and their disadvantages in terms of sustainability have recently increased the importance
given to renewable energy resources. In this context, analyzing the relationship network between renewable
energy and economic growth has critical importance in determining more efficient and effective growth
strategies and policy alternatives. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of renewable energy
supply, renewable energy R&D expenditures and technological innovations in renewable energy on
economic growth in the example of the Netherlands which is a member state of EU. The findings obtained
as a result of the VECM model applied for the 1990-2021 research period show that the developments in
renewable energy supply and renewable energy technologies in the Netherlands has a positive impact on
economic growth.

Performance Comparisons of Machine Learning Methods of PLA-based Photochromic Material UV Sensor

Eşref ERDOAĞAN — 2024-10-13

A simple method for measuring of ultraviolet (UV) radiation or index values is introduced. In
this study, which aims to use machine learning models to accurately analyze a changing color scale and
make predictions about the magnitude of the external stimulus that causes color change, the photochromic
Polylactic acid (PLA) material that changes color under UV light was video recorded with a smartphone
camera. Then, by interpreting the data sets created from these images with machine learning models, a
relationship was established between the current applied to the UV light source and the color. Video images
taken with the smartphone camera were augmented with screen captures of 25 consecutive seconds,
enabling the regression models used to make more accurate predictions. 9 different regression models were
used, their performances were evaluated according to cross-validation results. Then, model performances
were improved by using appropriate hyperparameters. Better accuracies were achieved especially in
CatBoost Regression model. The findings of the study showed that UV intensity or index values can be
determined with high accuracy with the existing smart phone camera without the need for any device.