International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches

WSN Routing Protocols: A Clear and Comprehensive Review

Ahmed A. Al-Healy — 2025-02-28

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as a fundamental technology in modern
applications, including environmental monitoring, smart cities, healthcare, and industrial automation.
Efficient routing plays a crucial role in ensuring network longevity, energy efficiency, and reliable data
transmission, given the inherent constraints of WSNs, such as limited energy, processing power, and
dynamic topologies. Over the years, various routing protocols have been proposed to address these
challenges, each designed to optimize performance based on different criteria. This paper provides a
comprehensive yet concise review of WSN routing protocols, offering a broader classification than previous
studies by integrating multiple taxonomies from the literature. Unlike existing reviews that may either be
too detailed or overly general, this study presents a structured and accessible overview that balances depth
and clarity. Key routing challenges, including energy efficiency, scalability, and security, are discussed,
followed by a detailed classification of routing protocols based on network structure, data delivery mode,
path establishment, application type, and next-hop selection strategies. By merging diverse classification
schemes into a unified framework, this review aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a clear,
well-organized perspective on the current state of WSN routing. The insights presented in this study can
serve as a foundation for future research and the development of more adaptive and efficient routing
solutions for WSNs.

Cloud Computing in Data Management: Strategic Models, Performance Analysis and Quantum Integration Trends

Kamil Aykutalp GÜNDÜZ — 2025-02-28

Cloud computing systems, at the center of digital transformation, represent a paradigmatic shift
in enterprise computing technologies. Radically transforming traditional data management approaches, this
technological ecosystem is redefining the foundation of computing infrastructures.
Governance is the organization's control and oversight of procedures, policies and standards and
applications in terms of design, implementation, testing and use. The fact that cloud computing enables
simple use over a wide area makes it difficult for organizations to control the arbitrary use of services by
their employees. An important advantage of cloud computing is that it reduces the resources spent on capital
investment and covers the costs incurred for operational services. In this way, both the financial and time
expenditures required for new services are reduced and the return on financial investments is accelerated.
This study examines the theoretical framework of data management models in modern cloud computing
systems, their performance dynamics and future technological trends in the light of quantum advances with
a holistic approach. The research reveals the strategic importance of cloud data management, comparative
performance analysis and future technological projections. The study underlines the importance of quantum
computing integration and draws the reader's attention to this critical technological dimension. The
potential revolutionary role of quantum technologies in cloud data management systems is thus more clearly
emphasized.

Preparation of silica nanoparticles coated with fluorescent nanomaterials (imidazole) for pesticide detection in aqueous solutions

ALI .S. ALZAIDY — 2025-02-28

Silica quantum dots are a preferred type of fluorescent materials and are highly appreciated due
to their exceptional properties and size. The study is summarized in several parts In the preparation of
fluorescent quantum dots by the reaction of ascorbic acid with Aptes (3-aminopropyl) triethoxy silane
(SIQDs). Then, the surface modification of SIQDs with a fluorescence-enhancing substance (amidazole)
becomes SIQDs-M. A simple alkaline hydrothermal process was used to synthesize and modify the
surface of silica quantum dots using imidazole to enhance the fluorescence emission and thus improve the
detection limit ratio. The structural information of the prepared silica for the two compounds SIQDs) 3
and (SIQDs-M) was obtained by XRD and then characterized by (FE-SEM), as well as TEM) and (FT
IR). The results also showed that the prepared silica quantum dots have a consistent size distribution
ranging from (12-20) nm, in addition to the optical properties, including a tenfold increase in fluorescence
intensity. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) of the identified compounds were
determined using fluorescence spectroscopy at room temperature, and the results confirm that these
values are important in the use of fluorescence spectroscopy and have the necessary selectivity for
environmental applications and can effectively detect the pesticide (boric acid) in aqueous samples. The
optimum factors for the pesticide detection process (mixing time of solutions, concentration, pH effect
and ions) were studied, which proved the effectiveness of the prepared quantum dots in detecting the
pesticide.

Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Distributed Flow Shop Scheduling Problem

Ümit TOK — 2025-02-28

The increasing prevalence of multi-factory models has led to the emergence of more complex
problems. To solve these large and complex issues, our study utilizes the Distributed Flow Shop Scheduling
Problem (DFSP) with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for inter-factory transportation. DFSP aims to
optimize job sequencing and inter-factory transportation times to minimize the total completion time
(makespan). Solving this problem is particularly crucial in improving resource-sharing efficiency,
minimizing costs, and ensuring quick market response in complex and diverse production environments.
Experiments demonstrate that PSO optimizes job sequences and balances factory assignments, achieving a
minimum makespan of 10 units. A Gantt chart was used to visualize resource utilization and planning
efficiency for a better understanding of the solution. Compared to methods such as Genetic Algorithms and
Simulated Annealing, PSO offers advantages in convergence speed and computational efficiency.
This study shows that PSO is one of the best methods applicable to real-world planning problems and
logistical challenges. Future studies may combine PSO with other metaheuristic methods for faster
resolution of dynamic planning problems.

Parameter Optimization of Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm on Solar Distillation System

Halil Görkem HEREK — 2025-02-28

As the global population continues to grow, so does the demand for potable water. However,
the ever-decreasing reserves of fresh water are under serious threat. Freshwater reserves constitute only
2.5% of the world's total water supply. According to various research reports, by 2050, 75% of the global
population will struggle to access potable water and face severe water scarcity. To mitigate this issue,
water resources need to be managed intelligently and sustainably. In addition, scientists are working on
desalination systems to make non-potable water drinkable. This study focuses on a solar distillation
system with a conical shape designed to produce drinkable water by distilling saline water under
appropriate conditions. Since the performance of these solar distillation systems depends on multiple
parameters, careful optimization is necessary. In this study, the optimization of three key parameters was
carried out using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO): solar radiation, saline water mass, and water inlet
temperature. As a result of the optimization, potable water production of 1.81780 kg/m² with 63.51%
efficiency was achieved under the conditions of 1000 W/m² solar radiation, 3 kg saline water mass, and
30°C water inlet temperature.

İşverenlerin Stajyer Öğrencilerden Beklentileri

Mehmet ÇOLAK — 2025-02-28

Geçtiğimiz dönemlerde işletmeler stajyer öğrenci seçerken birden fazla kriteri dikkate alırlardı. Artan
işgücü ve işletmede istihdam edecek işçi bulmakta zorluk yaşamaları neticesinde artık öğrenci seçerken
bazı kriterleri göz ardı etmeye çalışmaktadır. Bundan dolayı artık öğrencilerde staj yapacağı işletmenin
sağlayabileceği imkanlar ve seçmiş olduğu alanın hangi koşullarında geliştirmek istemesine göre işletme
tercihini yapmaktadır. Bu çalışma sonunda işletmeler uyum içerisinde çalışabileceği ve teknik alt yapıya
sahip stajyer öğrenciler ararken, stajyer öğrencilerde güncel teknolojiyi yakalamış ve kurumsal anlamda bir
büyüme gerçekleştirmiş olan işletmelere daha çok tercih etmektedirler.
Sonuç olarak, işletme stajyer seçerken teknik alt yapısı olan ve ekip çalışmasına ayak uydurabilecek
öğrencileri tercih etmektedirler. Öğrencilerde işletmenin sağlayabileceği koşullar, ücret tarifesi ve
kurumsal oluşuna göre tercihini yapmaktadırlar.
Bu çalışma işletmelerde staj yapan 12. sınıf öğrencilerinin işletmelerden beklentileri ve işletmelerin stajyer
öğrencilerinden karşılıklı olarak beklentileri üzerine bir çalışma sunmaktadır.

Yapay Zekâ Teknikleri ile Sürücü Yorgunluk Tespit Sistemi

Taner KAVAKLI — 2025-02-28

Sürücü yorgunluğu, dünya genelinde trafik kazalarına neden olan kritik bir faktördür ve
araştırmalar, yorgunluk kaynaklı kazaların diğer nedenlere kıyasla daha yüksek ölüm oranlarına yol
açtığını göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, sürücülerin fizyolojik verilerini kullanarak yorgunluklarını tespit
eden yenilikçi ve müdahalesiz bir sistem önerilmektedir. Sistem, direksiyon simidine entegre edilmiş bir
Fotopletismografi (PPG) sensörü ile nabız takibini sağlarken, kızılötesi sensör aracılığıyla burun
sıcaklığındaki değişimleri ölçerek sürücünün solunum hızını tahmin etmektedir. Elde edilen bu biyolojik
veriler, bulanık mantık tabanlı yapay zeka algoritmaları ile işlenerek sürücünün yorgunluk seviyesi gerçek
zamanlı olarak belirlenmektedir.
Önerilen sistem, uykusuzluk, dikkatsizlik ve otoyol hipnozu gibi yorgunluk kaynaklı kazaların temel
nedenlerini ele alarak sürücülere erken uyarılar sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Geleneksel yorgunluk tespit
sistemleri genellikle sürücü davranışlarına veya araç hareket modellerine dayanırken, bu çalışmada
sürücüye özgü biyolojik sinyaller ile araç tabanlı veriler birleştirilerek daha yüksek doğruluk
sağlanmaktadır. Deneysel sonuçlar, çok kaynaklı veri entegrasyonunun tespit doğruluğunu artırdığını ve
sistemin gerçek dünya uygulamaları için yüksek güvenilirlik sunduğunu göstermektedir.
Bu araştırma, akıllı ulaşım sistemleri alanına katkıda bulunarak, modern araçlara entegre edilebilecek
gelişmiş bir yorgunluk tespit mekanizması sunmaktadır. Bulgular, biyometrik sensörlerin yapay zeka
destekli analizlerle birleştirilmesinin yorgunluk kaynaklı kazaların riskini önemli ölçüde azaltabileceğini
ve yol güvenliğini artırabileceğini göstermektedir. Gelecek çalışmalar, sistemin farklı sürüş koşullarına
adaptasyonunun iyileştirilmesi ve daha gelişmiş makine öğrenimi tekniklerinin entegrasyonu üzerine
odaklanacaktır.

Öteleme Yüzeylerinde Dalgalanma Etkisi

Gülden ALTAY SUROĞLU — 2025-02-28

Öteleme yüzeyleri, diferansiyel geometri alanında yaygın olarak incelenmekte olup fizik,
mühendislik ve bilgisayar grafikleri gibi çeşitli alanlarda uygulamalara sahiptir. Klasik öteleme yüzeyleri
iki bağımsız fonksiyonun toplamı olarak tanımlanırken, sinüzoidal dalgalanmaların eklenmesi yüzeyin
geometrik özelliklerini değiştirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, öteleme yüzeylerini oluşturan eğrilere sinüzoidal
fonksiyonlar eklenerek ortaya çıkan dalgalanmaların yüzeyin ortalama eğrilik ve Gauss eğriliği
üzerindeki etkileri analiz edilmiş, sayısal simülasyonları yapılmıştır.

Modeling of a Hydraulic System Using the Takagi-Sugeno Model and Parametric Optimization with the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm

Kamel MERAHI — 2025-02-28

Process industries have long faced the challenge of liquid level control. The performance of a
control system largely depends on the accuracy of the mathematical model used to predict its dynamic
behavior. This paper presents the development of a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model for a coupled-tank
system, based on a linearization technique. Furthermore, the Marquardt-Levenberg optimization
algorithm was employed to identify the parameters of the Takagi-Sugeno model. Finally, a comparison
between the nonlinear model and the identified model was conducted, demonstrating satisfactory results.

Optimization of Image Super-Resolution through Artificial Neural Networks and Cloud Implementation

Eda Tabaku — 2025-02-28

This paper presents an optimized Super-Resolution model that enhances image upscaling
through the use of artificial neural networks and cutting-edge processing techniques. The model focuses
on reducing inference time via compression methods like quantization and pruning. Additionally, a web
application has been developed to facilitate easy interaction with users.
The study evaluates several deep learning architectures, including SRCNN, EDSR, and RRDB, using a
training set of over 4,000 images. These images are processed on an Nvidia GTX 1650 GPU to fine-tune
parameters and improve performance. The model's effectiveness is tested with upscaling factors of x2, x3,
and x4, focusing on the quality of the details recovered and the efficiency of the execution. For practical
deployment and scalability, the system is hosted on a cloud platform utilizing technologies like
TensorFlow, Keras, and Flask. The corresponding web application enables users to upload images,
choose upscaling parameters, and retrieve enhanced results within a response time of 300 milliseconds or
less.
The results demonstrate that the combination of model optimization and cloud deployment offers an
effective solution for real-time image enhancement. This approach has potential applications in photo
processing, medical visualization, and recovery of low-resolution visual data, proving its versatility and
utility in various fields.

Okul Müdürlerinin İletişim Yeterliklerine İlişkin Öğretmen Görüşleri

Erdem Ayanoğlu — 2025-02-28

Okul müdürlerinin sahip oldukları iletişim yeterliklerine ilişkin öğretmenlerin görüşlerini
belirlemek amacıyla yapılan bu araştırma, nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modelinde
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Sakarya ilinde bulunan resmi okulöncesi, ilkokul, ortaokul
ve liselerde görev yapan öğretmenler arasından basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen toplam
836 öğretmen oluşturmuştur. Araştırmadan elde edilen verilerin analizinde aritmetik ortalama, standart
sapma, minimum ve maksimum değerler kullanılmıştır. Bu değerlerin tespitiyle okul müdürlerinin
iletişim yeterliklerine ilişkin öğretmenlerin algılarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde
edilen bulgulara göre öğretmen görüşlerine göre okul müdürlerinin sahip oldukları iletişim yeterlik
düzeylerinin düşük düzeyde; yine anlama-empati kurabilme ve destekleme yeterlik düzeylerinin düşük
düzeyde; sosyal rahatlık sağlama yeterlik düzeylerinin ise orta düzeyde olduğu sonuçlarına varılmıştır.
Eğitim örgütlerinin lideri konumunda olan okul müdürlerinin iletişim yeterlikleri örgüt içi iletişim ağı
kurulması, örgüt içi ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi, olumlu okul ikliminin oluşturulması/devam ettirilmesi ve
okul etkililiği için kritik bir role sahiptir. Okul müdürlerinin etkili iletişim yeterliklerine ilişkin tutum ve
davranış geliştirmelerine yönelik eğitim programları hazırlanabilir. Okul müdürlerinin iletişim
yeterliklerine ilişkin derinlemesine incelenmesine imkân verecek nitel araştırmalar yapılması önerilir.

Dielectric-Filled Circular Waveguide Design for Localized 2.45 GHz Microwave Corn Drying

Caner MURAT — 2025-02-28

This study presents an optimized microwave dryer design for industrial food drying
applications, operating at the target frequency of 2.45 GHz. By integrating a short-circuited circular
waveguide filled with dielectric materials (porcelain, ε=6), the design achieves localized microwave
energy delivery, addressing key challenges of conventional systems such as energy loss and uneven
heating. Numerical simulations using Finite Element Method demonstrated a resonant frequency of 2.451
GHz with a reflection coefficient of -29.7 dB, indicating minimal power reflection (<0.1%) and near
optimal impedance matching. Electromagnetic field analysis revealed concentrated energy distribution,
with electric field strengths exceeding 1000 V/m near the microwave source and ~100 V/m across the
corn surface (ε=55.57), ensuring efficient moisture removal while mitigating overheating risks. The
geometry, optimized for aluminum (σ=3.56×10⁷ S/m) and copper (σ=5.8×10⁷ S/m) components, enables
focused forward field propagation, validated by vertical energy localization in the drying chamber.
Despite minor non-uniformities, the system outperforms traditional designs by balancing high-efficiency
power transfer (via N-type connector) and material-specific adaptability. These results highlight the
potential of the proposed waveguide structure as a scalable solution for rapid, energy-efficient food
drying, providing a foundation for further refinements in cavity geometry and dielectric-material
interactions to enhance processing uniformity.

The Importance of The Turkish Straits and The Montreux Convention Regarding The Russia and Ukraine War

Hassan Abdisalam — 2025-02-28

The article aims to underline the important Turkish straits and the Montreaux Convention in the
contextual analysis of the Russia-Ukraine war. The paper provides a historical and geopolitical analysis of
the Turkish Straits, underlining their importance as the critical maritime passage. Further, the country's
adherence to the Montreux Convention, the effect this has had on the maritime security situation in the
Black Sea, and the greater geopolitical dynamics between NATO, Russia, and Ukraine will be discussed.
It further analyzes the implications of Russian military and maritime doctrines in the Black Sea region, with
regard to the policies and developments of Turkey that might be conceptualized on the basis of the results
of regional security concerns. Based on recent empirical data, scholarly research, and a critical review of
the existing literature, the present research aims to provide an analytical view of the importance of the
Turkish Straits in view of the ongoing conflict.

Impact of Different Feeding Methods on Honey Composition and Bee Health in Northern Iraq

Mohammed Sadeeq Ramadhan — 2025-03-01

Honeybee nutrition is essential for maintaining colony health, enhancing honey quality, and ensuring ecological stability. This study explores the effects of different feeding methods, including natural floral sources, fruit-based nutrition, and artificial sugar syrups, on the physicochemical composition of honey in the northern region of Iraq. The research compares ‘fruit honey’ produced by bees fed 1 kg of watermelon, sugar syrup, and candy, as well as naturally sourced honey. Physicochemical analyses, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), refractive index, viscosity, microscopic imaging, pH, and density measurements, were conducted to assess honey quality. The results indicate that feeding practices significantly influence honey composition, affecting sugar content, viscosity, acidity, and bioactive compound levels. Unlike bees solely reliant on sugar solutions often exhibiting reduced lifespans, weakened immunity, and increased inflammation those supplementing their diets with fruit juices demonstrate improved colony health and honey quality. This study highlights the importance of natural and fruit-based nutrition as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to artificial feeding. Promoting these practices can enhance bee health, support colony growth, and ensure the economic viability of beekeeping while maintaining ecosystem stability by preventing hive abandonment and pollination disruptions.

Development and Evaluation of Lightweight and Floating Concrete Using Pumice Stones and EPS Beads: A Comparative Study

Maria Aamir — 2025-03-01

The advancement in employing Light Weight Concrete (LWC) for structural and non-structural purposes have enhanced in the recent decades. However, there are reservations when it comes to comparing material cost with load bearing capacity. This study deals with the development of lightweight concrete using inexpensive lightweight aggregate namely as Pumice Stones and EPS Beads. Lightweight aggregate plays a crucial role in construction by reducing the dead weight of the structures, improving thermal insulation and durability in harsh conditions by using light weight components. In this study, EPS beads are utilized to lessen the density of concrete and increase buoyancy, enabling it to float, though lowering its compressive strength while simultaneously recording its effect on strength and density. This analysis will help practitioners gain deeper understanding to improve their mix design to suit specific purposes.

Optimizing Soaking Time for Enhanced Microgreen Growth in Arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.)

Didem Turhan — 2025-03-07

This study explores how different soaking durations influence the germination and growth of
arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) microgreens. Known for its rich nutritional profile, distinctive flavor, and
numerous health benefits, arugula is a popular choice for microgreen cultivation. In this experiment, we
soaked the seeds in water for varying durations ranging from 0 to 72 h before growing them in a
vermiculite medium under consistent light and irrigation conditions. The findings revealed that seeds
soaked for 0 h exhibited the highest germination rate, maintaining a strong viability of approximately
85% to 90%. When the soaking duration extended to 6, 12, and 18 h, the germination rate showed a slight
decline. However, a more pronounced reduction was observed after 24 h, and by 72 h, the germination
rate had dropped significantly to around 65%. Beyond germination, the soaking duration also affected
microgreen growth. The tallest microgreens, reaching optimal heights, were produced from seeds soaked
for 0, 6, and 12 h. In contrast, seeds subjected to the longest soaking time of 72 h resulted in the shortest
microgreens. These results suggest that prolonged exposure to water may impose stress on the seeds, as
evidenced by the reduced germination rates and shorter microgreen heights observed, ultimately
hindering their growth potential. Overall, the study highlights that while short-term soaking (up to 12 h)
has little effect on germination or microgreen development, extended soaking times-especially beyond 24
h-can negatively affect both processes. To maximize growth efficiency, soaking arugula seeds within the
0-12 hour range appears to be the most effective approach.

A study on Sexual Harassment Detection using Machine Learning Techniques

Pagadala Srinivasu — 2025-03-07

Sexual harassment remains a significant societal issue, necessitating efficient and automated
detection systems to aid in prevention and intervention. This study explores the application of machine learning
techniques to detect sexual harassment in textual data, such as social media posts, emails, and workplace
communications. Various Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, including word embeddings
(Word2Vec, TF-IDF, BERT) and deep learning models (LSTMs, Transformers, CNNs for text classification),
are employed to identify patterns indicative of harassment. The study also evaluates the performance of
traditional classifiers such as Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Random Forests
against deep learning approaches. The dataset is sourced from publicly available forums, legal case records,
and manually annotated text corpora to ensure model robustness.learning has emerged as a powerful tool with
applications across diverse domains, revolutionizing how tasks are performed in fields such as healthcare,
finance, and technology. This study provides an overview of machine learning techniques and explores their
applications in various domains. Beginning with an introduction to machine learning concepts, the study delves
into topics such as data collection, preprocessing, feature engineering, model selection, and evaluation. It
discusses popular machine learning algorithms, including decision trees, neural networks, and support vector
machines, along with their practical implementations. Furthermore, the study examines real-world applications
of machine learning, highlighting its role in predictive analytics, natural language processing, computer vision,
and recommendation systems. By providing insights into both the theoretical foundations and practical
implications of machine learning, this study aims to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of this rapidly
evolving field and its wide-ranging applications.

Effects of Temperature and Feeding Practices on Viscosity and Physicochemical Properties of Honey

Mohammed Sadeeq Ramadhan — 2025-03-07

Honey’s viscosity is a crucial factor affecting its processing, storage, and overall quality. This
study examines the relationship between temperature and viscosity across different honey samples,
demonstrating an inverse correlation—higher temperatures reduce viscosity, enhancing honey’s fluidity.
Viscosity measurements, conducted using a digital viscometer at temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 60
°C, confirmed that natural honey exhibited distinct molecular characteristics compared to sugar-fed
honey, as revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, microscopic imaging
showed a greater diversity of pollen grains in natural honey, emphasizing the impact of botanical origin
on composition. The research also found that artificial feeding methods, such as sugar syrup
supplementation, resulted in lower viscosity, altered acidity, and reduced bioactive components. The
mixture sample (honey + fruit + sugar) displayed the highest viscosity at 25 °C, while sugar-fed honey
had the lowest viscosity at 60 °C. These findings highlight the significance of temperature regulation and
feeding practices in maintaining honey’s physicochemical properties, which are essential for quality
control and applications in the food industry. Promoting natural feeding practices among beekeepers can
enhance honey’s nutritional and medicinal properties, contributing to improved product quality and
sustainability.

Performance Evaluation and Durability Analysis of 52100 Bearings under Varying Heat Treatment Conditions in Aerospace Applications

Tuncer Deniz — 2025-03-07

This study investigates the performance and longevity of two types of bearings—the motor
bearing and the input module bearing—fabricated from 52100 (100 Cr6) bearing steel, following a 500
hour flight operation. Case evaluations, including hardness testing and vibration analysis, were conducted
after the bearings underwent various heat treatments, specifically at temperatures of 600°C and 700°C. The
findings revealed that the input module bearing heat-treated at 600°C experienced increased vibration
levels, which, while initially within acceptable limits, resulted in the bearing becoming inactive after 900
hours due to the cumulative effects of the operational environment. In contrast, the bearing treated at 700°C
exhibited the highest vibration levels, correlating with excessive iron contamination in the oil, suggesting
a requirement for further thermal processing. Additionally, the analysis indicated that vibration and torque
values remained stable at 600°C but deteriorated significantly at 700°C. These results underscore the critical
influence of heat treatment and operational conditions on bearing performance. Consequently, this research
emphasizes the necessity for optimized heat treatment processes and routine maintenance protocols to
enhance bearing reliability in high-stress and elevated temperature environments, particularly in aerospace
applications. This work provides valuable insights into the factors impacting bearing failure and offers a
foundation for future studies aimed at improving bearing technology and maintenance practices.

Detection the genetic variation of circadian Rhythm genes and its correlation with sleepiness disorders in kids

Zahra J. Ramadan — 2025-03-07

Human health depends on sleep, which is still one of science's biggest mysteries. the circadian
system is regulated the timing, duration and depth of sleep, and the hemostat of sleep. The main cue for the
entrainment of circadian rhythms to the external environment is light, and the functions of SCN is a
pacemaker responsible for this coordination process. The aim of study was find the correlation between
sleepiness disorders and mutation in circadian rhythm genes. in this study we detection of the genetic
variation of the circadian rhythm genes (BMAL1, CLOCK, PER1, PER2 and PER3 gene ) by T-ARMS-PCR,
the Case of study was 60 kids between the age of (2-12) years, divide into two categories the first contain 40
kids with sleepiness disorders while the second contain 20 sample include healthy kids and it have been
considered as control. when we Detection of the genetic variation of the BMAL1 rs3789327 gene by T
ARMS-PCR we found 60% of study samples are have mutant genotype and 35% are hetero-genotype, and
when Detection of the genetic variation of the Clock rs6811520 gene by T-ARMS-PCR we found 92% of
study samples are have mutant genotype and 5% are hetero-genotype, and when Detection of the genetic
variation of the PER2 rs2304672 gene by T-ARMS-PCR we found 75% of study samples are have mutant
genotype and 20% are hetero-genotype, this indicate that three SNPs cause disturbance in circadian rhythm
and this showed strong correlation with sleepiness disorders in kids, while PER1 and PER3 genes was show
less correlation with disturbance in circadian rhythm because the percentage of mutant genotype for PER1
gene was 10% and 5% for hetero-genotype, and the mutant genotype for PER3 gene was 15% and 5% for
hetero-genotype in the sample study. and the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium indicate that the P value for all
genes studied was less than 0.5, this indicate the sample study is unstable and do not submit for the Hardy
Weinberg equilibrium and the impact was environmental.

Practices for LGBT+ Individuals

Samineh Esmaeilzadeh — 2025-03-07

This study examines the challenges faced by LGBT+ individuals in accessing mental health and
healthcare services. Historically, LGBT+ individuals have been associated with psychiatric disorders for
many years, particularly with the classification of homosexuality as a disease in the DSM (Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Its removal from the DSM in 1973 marked a significant turning
point in approaches to LGBT+ mental health. Today, LGBT+ individuals remain at high risk for mental
health issues, particularly depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and substance use. The main contributing
factors include discrimination, social exclusion, peer bullying, and internalized stigma. Especially young
LGBT+ individuals may experience serious mental health problems when they do not receive adequate
social support in school settings and within their families. In nursing, culturally sensitive and inclusive
approaches can facilitate LGBT+ individuals' access to healthcare services. Madeleine Leininger’s
transcultural nursing model suggests that cultural differences should be considered when providing care to
this population. Nurses play a critical role in promoting healthcare equity by offering services that align
with the lifestyles, values, and beliefs of LGBT+ individuals. In conclusion, to reduce mental health issues
among LGBT+ individuals and enhance their access to healthcare services, it is essential to strengthen
social support mechanisms and implement inclusive policies in schools and healthcare systems.

Mycelium-Based Biocomposites: Sustainable Material Design with Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus for the Construction Industry

Sinan AKTAŞ — 2025-03-07

Global climate change, depletion of natural resources, and waste management challenges have
heightened the need for eco-friendly materials in the construction sector. Mycelium (the filamentous
structure of fungi), which binds agricultural or industrial waste, offers the potential to produce lightweight,
highly insulative, and biologically degradable composite products. In this study, we examine the production
stages, physical and mechanical properties, and prospective applications—primarily in construction but
also in fields such as insulation, decorative elements, and temporary structures—of mycelium-based
biocomposites derived from Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus. The findings reveal several
advantages rooted in high porosity, including effective thermal and acoustic insulation, a low carbon
footprint, and light weight, accompanied by certain limitations such as water sensitivity and somewhat
restricted mechanical strength. Nevertheless, it is understood that with suitable surface coatings, flame
retardant additives, and automation-assisted production processes, these challenges can be significantly
overcome, indicating that mycelium-based composites may provide critical contributions to the quest for
sustainable materials.

Enhancing Solar Forecasting Accuracy: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Artificial Neural Networks for Global Horizontal Irradiance Prediction

Sara Fennane — 2025-03-07

Solar energy plays a pivotal role in the global transition toward sustainable energy systems,
providing a clean and renewable power source. However, the inherent variability of solar irradiance
presents significant challenges for energy management and grid stability. Accurate forecasting of Global
Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) is crucial for optimizing photovoltaic (PV) power generation and ensuring a
reliable energy supply. GHI prediction is particularly complex due to its dependence on dynamic
meteorological factors, including cloud cover, atmospheric aerosols, temperature, and humidity.
Traditional statistical and physical models often struggle to capture these nonlinear patterns, whereas
artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches, particularly artificial neural networks (ANNs), have
demonstrated significant potential in improving forecasting accuracy. This study examines GHI
prediction in Dakhla City, Morocco, utilizing two AI-based models: the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and
the Nonlinear Autoregressive Model with Exogenous Inputs (NARX). The objective is to enhance
forecasting accuracy to facilitate more efficient solar energy integration. A performance evaluation based
on statistical metrics reveals that the NARX model significantly outperforms the MLP model, achieving a
regression coefficient (R) of 0.999 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 8.722. This superior
performance is attributed to the NARX model’s capacity to capture nonlinear dependencies and
incorporate past values alongside exogenous inputs. These findings underscore the effectiveness of AI
driven models in solar energy forecasting. Enhanced GHI predictions can contribute to improved grid
stability, optimized solar energy utilization, and the advancement of Morocco’s renewable energy
objectives. As such, AI-based forecasting emerges as a critical tool for sustainable energy management.

Teaching Robotics in Education 4.0

Veronika Gabaľová — 2025-03-07

Robotics education plays a key role in the Education 4.0 paradigm in developing digital
competencies and meeting future labor market expectations. The integration of new technologies, such as
artificial intelligence (AI) and microcontrollers at different levels of education, enables the development
of algorithmic thinking, problem solving and creativity. The use of robotics tools and block-based
programming in primary school education helps to develop students' logical skills. During secondary
school studies, students can gain deeper knowledge about the operation of microcontrollers and AI-based
systems, which lays the foundation for interest in technological careers. At the university level, robotics
education is expanded with complex engineering, IT and biotechnology applications, facilitating the
development of industrial automation, healthcare robotics and autonomous systems. The digital
transformation of the learning environment supports the acquisition of interdisciplinary knowledge, while
promoting the development of a lifelong learning approach. The goal of Education 4.0 is to enable
students to become active, innovative, and competitive players in technological development with the
help of AI and robotics.

Industrial and technological security with drones in logistics centers

József Udvaros — 2025-03-07

The security challenges of logistics centers are becoming increasingly complex due to
increasing warehouse capacity, increasing automation, and dynamic growth in goods traffic. Traditional
security solutions, such as static camera systems and human guards, often do not provide sufficient
flexibility and efficiency for comprehensive surveillance and rapid emergency response. Autonomous
drone technology offers new opportunities to enhance industrial and technological security, especially in
warehouse logistics environments.
The aim of this study is to present the application of drones in the security system of logistics centers,
highlighting their role in surveillance, emergency response, inventory management, and occupational
health and safety inspections. The research analyzes the advantages of drone-based security systems, such
as real-time data collection, night vision and thermal imaging surveillance, and autonomous patrol
capabilities. In addition, the challenges of the technology are explored, including indoor navigation
problems, data protection issues, regulatory and infrastructure barriers.
Based on the research results, the integration of drones can significantly increase the security and
operational efficiency of logistics centers, especially in the areas of inventory control, intrusion detection
and rapid response to emergencies. The combination of drone technology and industrial security systems
can provide a long-term sustainable and cost-effective solution for modern logistics infrastructures.

The importance of using visualization and simulation in teaching programming

József Udvaros — 2025-03-07

Visualization and simulation techniques are increasingly used in computer science and
teaching programming to help students gain a deeper understanding and develop their problem-solving
skills. Learning the basics of programming is often difficult for novice students, especially when it comes
to understanding abstract concepts such as algorithms, data structures, and control structures. The use of
visual tools and interactive simulations provides an opportunity to put theoretical knowledge into
practice, thereby reducing cognitive load and increasing motivation.
The study presents the benefits of using visualization and simulation methods in teaching programming,
with a particular focus on algorithm visualization, block-based programming environments, and
simulation models. During the research, we analyzed various tools and platforms that can help students
learn the fundamentals of programming more easily. The results show that visual learning strategies
contribute to the development of problem-solving skills and the practical application of theoretical
knowledge. The study aims to provide guidance for programming educators on how to effectively
incorporate modern technologies into the educational process.

Siirt Fıstığının Derin Öğrenme Yöntemleriyle Sınıflandırılması

Mesut Erdoğan — 2025-03-07

Tarım sektörü, kalite kontrol ve sınıflandırma süreçlerinde genellikle manuel yöntemlere
dayanmakta olup bu da süreçlerin hem zaman alıcı hem de hata oranlarının yüksek olmasına neden
olmaktadır. Gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte, tarım ürünlerinin otomatik olarak sınıflandırılmasını sağlayacak
yapay zeka temelli yaklaşımlar, hem üreticilere hem de tüketicilere çeşitli avantajlar sunma potansiyeline
sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Siirt fıstığı örneği üzerinden derin öğrenme tabanlı bir sınıflandırma modeli
geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında, Siirt fıstığının kalite kriterleri belirlenmiş ve bu kriterlere göre
geniş bir veri seti oluşturulmuştur. Veri seti, farklı kalite sınıflarını (örneğin, iri, orta boy, düşük kaliteli;
deformasyona uğramış ya da renk farkı olan fıstıklar) kapsayacak şekilde çeşitlendirilmiştir. Derin öğrenme
modeli olarak evrişimsel sinir ağları (CNN) tercih edilmiş ve modelin performansını artırmak için çeşitli
mimari düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Modelin eğitimi ve testi sırasında hiperparametre optimizasyonu
gerçekleştirilmiş, doğruluk oranını artırmak için dropout, öğrenme hızı ayarı ve erken durdurma gibi
teknikler uygulanmıştır. Modelin performansı, doğruluk, kesinlik, duyarlılık ve F1 skor metriği kullanılarak
değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Siirt fıstığının sınıflandırılmasında geliştirilen derin öğrenme
modelinin %99 doğruluk oranı ile başarılı bir şekilde çalıştığını ortaya koymuştur. Modelin sonuçları,
geleneksel manuel sınıflandırma yöntemleri ile karşılaştırıldığında, hem zaman hem de doğruluk açısından
önemli avantajlar sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, tarım sektöründe kalite kontrol süreçlerini optimize etmek,
üreticilere verimlilik sağlamak ve tüketici memnuniyetini artırmak adına önemli bir adım olarak
değerlendirilmektedir. Gelecekteki çalışmalar için, daha büyük veri setlerinin oluşturulması, farklı derin
öğrenme mimarilerinin test edilmesi ve modelin gerçek zamanlı uygulamalarda denenmesi önerilmektedir.

Vibration of Time: Earthquake Magnitude Prediction Using Machine Learning and Graphical Representation of Earthquakes from 1900 to 2023

Eyyüp Yalçın — 2025-03-07

An earthquake is a natural disaster that significantly impacts human life and structures. This
study aims to contribute to the understanding of this important issue through a comprehensive evaluation
of earthquakes from geological, seismological, and engineering perspectives. Hypotheses developed by
assessing the effects of plate tectonics, volcanic activities, and anthropogenic triggers on earthquakes
analyze the formation process and risk profiles of earthquakes. The strategic importance of determining the
risk profiles of geographical regions in terms of earthquake potential has been emphasized, with a focus on
earthquake zones and hazard analyses.
The dataset, consisting of earthquakes from 1900 onwards, was used as a sample, and various machine
learning models were applied to this data. Models used include Random Forest, Gradient Boosting,
XGBoost, Linear Regression, Ridge Regression, Lasso Regression, and Support Vector Regression. The
performance of these models in predicting earthquake magnitude was compared, and it was found that the
XGBoost model showed the best performance with the lowest Mean Squared Error (MSE).
The results demonstrate that machine learning models have significant potential in predicting earthquake
magnitudes. This study aims to evaluate community preparedness for earthquakes by addressing the role
of exploratory data analysis with artificial intelligence in earthquake risk analysis and prediction. By
providing a multifaceted analysis of earthquakes, this study makes an important contribution to the
academic literature.

Deep Learning-Based Segmentation of High-Grade Glioma Tumors: A Comparative Analysis of MRI-Based Models

Emre Serçe — 2025-03-08

Brain tumors, particularly high-grade malignant gliomas, pose a significant public health
challenge due to their high lethality and impact on patients' quality of life. Recent advancements in deep
learning-based medical imaging techniques have revolutionized brain tumor detection and segmentation,
enabling more precise and automated diagnostic processes. This study evaluates the performance of
multiple deep learning architectures, including UNet, Attention UNet, ESNet, LEDNet, LinkNet, SQNet,
and SegNet, for brain tumor segmentation using MRI scans from the Gazi Brains 2020 dataset. The
models were assessed based on various performance metrics, including Intersection over Union (IoU),
sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity. The results indicate that Attention UNet achieved the highest
segmentation accuracy, demonstrating superior performance in delineating tumor regions. However, the
trade-off between segmentation accuracy and computational efficiency remains a critical consideration.
The findings underscore the potential of deep learning-based segmentation techniques in improving the
accuracy and efficiency of brain tumor diagnosis, paving the way for more effective clinical decision
making. Future research could explore hybrid architectures and multi-modal MRI integration to further
enhance segmentation precision while optimizing computational resources.

Performance of Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Dispersing Agent

Tamoor Danish — 2025-03-08

This study investigates the effect of dispersion of fiber in carbon fiber reinforced concrete
(CFRC) and coconut fiber reinforced concrete (CoFRC) by using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a dispersing
agent. The clustering and entanglement of the fiber in concrete decreases the uniformity of fiber which
reduces the strength of concrete A 0.5g/mL concentration of NaOH was used to enhance the dispersion of
fiber in concrete. The content of carbon fiber and coconut fiber was used 2% by volume of concrete and a
comparison is made between the effectiveness of NaOH on dispersion of both fibers. The effect of
dispersion was assessed by finding the mechanical properties of concrete. The concrete cylinders were cast
to find the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and water absorption of concrete. The results
show that the compressive strength of CFRC with dispersed fiber is increased by 4.84% as compared to
untreated carbon fiber and compressive strength of CoFRC with dispersed coconut fiber is increased by
3.05%. The tensile splitting strength of CFRC with dispersed fiber increased by 9.76% and the tensile
splitting strength of CoFRC with dispersed fiber increased by 6.67% as compared to untreated fiber. The
use of dispersion agent increases the water absorption of concrete.

ResFormer-CAP-Net: A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Automated CAP A-Phase and Subtype Classification

Suleyman Yaman — 2025-03-08

Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) is a crucial biomarker for assessing sleep quality and
stability, as well as diagnosing sleep disorders. In clinical practice, manually detecting CAP A-phases and
their subtypes by analyzing full-night electroencephalography (EEG) recordings is a time-consuming,
labor-intensive, and error-prone process. In this study, a novel hybrid deep learning model, ResFormer
CAP-Net, is proposed for the automated classification of CAP A-phase and its subtypes. This model
integrates ResNet-18 for feature extraction and Transformer layers for temporal modeling. The proposed
model was evaluated using EEG recordings from healthy and sleep-disordered individuals in the publicly
available CAP Sleep Database (CAPSD). Evaluations on balanced datasets demonstrated that ResFormer
CAP-Net achieved state-of-the-art performance, with 79.97% accuracy for A-phase classification and
81.88% accuracy for subtype classification. Additionally, the effectiveness of four different EEG
channels was analyzed, revealing that the F4-C4 channel provided the highest accuracy for A-phase
classification, while the C4-P4 channel performed best for subtype classification. The number of
Transformer layers was also optimized, with experiments showing that using two Transformer layers
resulted in the highest classification performance.

SYNTHESIS OF TWO NEW N-BENZAMIDOMETHYL DERIVATIVES OF TOLUENESULFONAMIDE BY DIFFERENT SYNTHETIC ROUTES

Agron Alili — 2025-03-15

Sulfonamide compounds are among the first drugs that paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine. The chemical part of sulfonamides is also present in other drugs that are not antibiotics, including thiazide diuretics, anti-diabetic drugs, COX-2 inhibitors, etc.

In order to prepare new derivatives of sulfa drugs, various synthetic procedures were performed to obtain different benzamidomethyl derivatives of toluenesulfonamide.

In two different synthetic procedures, N-benzamidomethyl-N-phenyl-4-toluenesulfonamide was obtained with a high yield, while in the first procedure, reactions of 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride with (benzamidomethyl)phenylamine were performed, and in the second procedure, reactions of N-phenyl-4-toluenesulfonamide with (benzamidomethyl)triethylammonium chloride were performed while N-benzamidomethyl-N-methyl-4-toluenesulfonamide was also obtained in high yield in reactions of 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride with (benzamidomethyl)methyl amine and the other reaction between N-methyl-4-toluenesulfonamide with (benzamidomethyl)triethylammonium chloride.

The structures of the new compounds were confirmed and characterized by IR, ¹H –NMR, ¹³C –NMR, UV spectroscopic methods and mass spectrometry.

Energy efficiency in the architecture of prefabricated modular houses

Angela Munteanu — 2025-03-16

The article presents a theoretical and practical study of the analysis of the energy efficiency of
traditional urban and rural buildings in addition to modern innovative ones. It briefly presents and
analyzes the steps and actions of the responsible authorities in the targeted field, reflects the importance
and possibilities of improving the housing stock situation, which the whole society must be aware of. It
specifies the current state policies for promoting a healthy and safe environment and proposes energy
efficiency strategies.
In addition, it presents activities carried out both in the context of forming new principles of sustainable
and energy-efficient construction and encourages respect for environmental protection through conceptual
projects aimed at reducing excessive human consumerism.
In addition, it highlights the role of local changes in international energy efficiency of buildings and state
policies, and for the Republic of Moldova, several application projects in the targeted field are developed
with the help of the European Union.
Examples and recommendations of energy efficiency of prefabricated modular house models are
provided, which meet the requirements of the 21st century.

Joint Ventures in Albanian Law: Legal Foundations and Practical Challenges

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Anjeza Liçenji — 2025-03-16

The main sources of obligations in the Civil Code of the Republic of Albania are the law and the
contract, with the latter occupying a dominant position. This is due to the fact that the contract serves as the
most important legal instrument for the realization of the interests of the parties and, at the same time, is the
most comprehensive manifestation of the principle of autonomy of will, which is a fundamental principle of
civil law.
In accordance with the provisions of the Albanian legislation, the Civil Code defines a contract as a legal
act by which one or more parties undertake to establish, modify or terminate a legal relationship. A typical
example of a multi-party contract is a joint venture.
In the context of Albanian legislation, a joint venture is considered as a type of cooperation or partnership
between entities (which may be individuals or companies) to carry out a joint economic activity with the aim
of sharing resources, risks and profits. Although it includes elements of the organization of joint activity, the
simple partnership does not have legal personality, being classified by the Civil Code as a contractual
relationship and not as an independent legal entity. This form of organization differs from those regulated by
the Law on Commercial and Trading Companies, which establishes legal entities with separate legal
personality.
The members of a joint venture are required to contribute money, assets, or services to the partnership,
which constitutes their contribution. This contribution is presumed to be equal, unless the contract provides
otherwise.

Tuzluluk Stresi Şartlarında Mısır (Zea mays L.) Tohumlarına Azelaik Asit Ön Uygulamasının Çimlenme ve Erken Fide Dönemine Etkisi

Aslı Güleç — 2025-03-16

Bu çalışmada, tuz stresi koşullarında mısır (Zea mays L.) tohumlarına azelaik asit (AzA) ön
uygulamasının bazı çimlenme ve erken fide dönemi üzerindeki etkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Araştırma, tam şansa bağlı deneme desenine göre, dört farklı tuzluluk (NaCl) düzeyinde (0, 40, 80 ve 120
mM) ve 3 farklı dozda AzA (0, 0.5 ve 1 mM) ön uygulaması ile 3 tekerrürlü olarak düzenlenmiştir. Bitkisel
materyal olarak Capuzi mısır çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada çimlenme ve fide gelişim parametreleri
olarak; çimlenme oranı, çimlenme gücü indeksi, kök uzunluğu, sürgün uzunluğu, kök yaş ağırlığı ve sürgün
yaş ağırlığı saptanmıştır. Varyans analizi verilerine göre; AzA dozları çimlenme oranı, çimlenme gücü
indeksi ve kök uzunluğu değerlerini önemli düzeyde (P<0.01) etkilemiş ve kontrole kıyasla bu özellikleri
baskılamıştır. NaCl stresi doz artışına bağlı olarak tüm parametreleri önemli düzeyde etkilemiştir (p<0.01).
NaCl x AzA interaksiyonu açısından; özellikle 0 ve 40 mM tuzluluk seviyelerinde, 1 mM AzA ön
uygulaması kök yaş ağırlığı üzerine önemli düzeyde (p<0.05) etki etmiş olup, diğer parametrelere etkisi
önemsiz bulunmuştur. Elde edilen verilere göre; tohuma yapılan 1 mM AzA ön uygulamasında özellikle
bazı erken fide dönemi parametrelerinin, 40 mM tuzluluk stresi şartlarında kontrol ile benzer sonuçlar
sergilediği, AzA’ nın düşük ve orta tuzluluk şartlarında su alımını regüle edebildiği ve toplam biyokütlede
artış sağladığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Recreation Potential of Biga District in The Sub-Component of Ecological Planning

Aylin Çelik Turan — 2025-03-16

From the Industrial Revolution to the present day, cities have tried to find solutions to many
problems due to increasing population density. One of these problems is recreational areas, which are
defined as entertainment and rest areas that will meet the spiritual and physical needs of individuals.
Recreational areas were needed as socializing areas, especially in suburbs with low quality of life around
industrial zones. Along with developing urbanization models, ecological functionality has also been defined
in the definition and potential of recreational areas. We see the best planning examples of this functionality
in McHarg's overlapping method. In addition, McHarg's ecological planning approach aims to ensure the
sustainability of a holistic city-nature development for the livability of cities. According to the ecological
planning method used by McHarg; natural, cultural, social, aesthetic, political and historical inventories are
each analyzed, interpreted and evaluated separately in terms of area use. In this article, the McHarg
ecological planning method was used to determine the recreation potential of Biga District. Recreational
potential areas of Biga District were determined according to the sub-criteria of transportation, forest, land
use ability and proximity to water depending on land uses. The weight criterion was evaluated out of 5
points in areas divided into 1x1m2 grids. In determining potential areas, green areas in the city center that
are suitable in terms of areal size and functional areas were included in the analysis. As a result of the
analysis, alternative areas were determined on the coastline for mountain camping, hiking routes of varying
difficulty levels, horseback riding, horseback tours, horse racing, equestrian polo sports, alternative forest
areas, tent and caravan camping areas, surfing, kite surfing, swimming, diving, snorkeling and water cycling
sports.

Microworlds or Robot Programming as Possibilities for Teaching the Basics of programming

Veronika Gabaľová — 2025-03-16

Currently, the extremely rapid development in the field of information and communication
technologies is virtually unstoppable, and the penetration of information and communication technologies
into all areas of everyday life is also unstoppable. Information and communication technologies are
becoming increasingly invasive, and this fact also points in the direction of where attention should be
focused in the educational process so that the youngest generation also acquires the skills and habits that
are necessary for their effective mastery. One way of orienting education is to aim at the development of
algorithmic thinking skills in children and young people. It is important that children learn the basics of
algorithmisation and programming specifically through visualised programming environments. This
paper discusses the possibilities of teaching the basics of algorithmization and programming through
appropriate tools and problem visualization. Children's programming languages as well as robot
programming are considered as appropriate tools. Especially robot programming is nowadays an
interesting way of teaching programming, regardless of whether it is a robot that pupils can grab in their
hands or whether they are programming an online robot, for example VEXcode Vr . Teaching
programming through the creation of computer games is another option. Special emphasis is placed on
the attractiveness of the microworld object when teaching pupils the principles of programming. There
are several ways to make it attractive. It is important, however, that we get closer to the real world. There
are a number of ideas for teaching programming in children's programming languages that, depending on
the language being taught or the level of knowledge of the pupils, can be incorporated into the classroom.
A suitable motivation can be programming games.

Integration of drones and intelligent security systems

József Udvaros — 2025-03-16

The integration of drone technology and intelligent security systems is one of the most
important research areas of our time, which can significantly contribute to more efficient and autonomous
security solutions. The aim of this article is to examine the possibilities of connecting these two
technological areas within a theoretical framework, highlighting the potential benefits of integration and
the challenges it entails. We review the application possibilities of drones, as well as key elements of
intelligent security systems such as IoT-based sensor networks and the role of artificial intelligence. We
examine the possible integration models that enable the event-driven, autonomous application of drones
in the security infrastructure, with particular attention to the possibilities of data collection, analysis and
automatic response. We highlight the technical obstacles to implementation, such as communication,
energy efficiency and the regulatory background. We briefly discuss the role of education, which is
crucial for understanding the technology, gaining social acceptance and successfully applying the
integration. The results of the study indicate that the integration of drones and intelligent security systems
is theoretically sound and holds significant potential for the future in the security industry. The article
recommends further research, especially in the areas of artificial intelligence development and the
development of interdisciplinary educational programs.

Comparative Analysis of Different Types of Ordinary Portland Cement Brands and Evaluating Their Strength Characteristics

Engr. Muhammad Usman Aziz — 2025-03-16

This study presents a comparative analysis of various brands of Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC) available and mostly used for the Civil Engineering construction works. The research evaluates the
strength characteristics of concrete samples prepared using different cement brands by conducting tests
such as fineness, consistency, setting time, and compressive strength. Laboratory experiments were
performed following ASTM standards, and the results provide insights into the performance of different
OPC brands in construction applications. The findings of this research will help engineers and
construction professionals in selecting suitable cement for various structural applications.

Osmanlı Devleti’nde İlk Modern Okul Öncesi Eğitim Programı: 1911 Tarihli Osmanlı İttihat Mektepleri Çocuk Bahçesi Programı

Musa Bardak — 2025-03-16

Tarihsel süreçte Türkiye’de modern okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarının devlet eliyle açılmaya
başladığı 1913 yılından önce ilk yerli özel okul girişimlerinden biri tarafından oluşturulan ana sınıfları ve
programı bu çalışma kapsamında dikkat çekici olarak görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı İttihat
Mektepleri Çocuk Bahçesi ve İbtidai Programı adıyla 1911 yılında yayımlanan programın güncel okul
öncesi eğitim amaçları, ilkeleri, öğrenme süreçleri ve ölçme değerlendirme süreci açısından
karşılaştırılarak analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Doküman incelemesi yöntemiyle tasarlanan araştırmada
tarihi ve güncel kaynaklar karşılaştırılmıştır. Ana kaynak olan program kitapçığının içeriğinin betimsel
analizi yapılarak ilgili dönem ve güncel kaynaklar aracılığıyla karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir.
Araştırmanın ana kaynağı olan çocuk bahçesi programında iki yıl bu eğitimin alınması ön görülerek
birinci yılda ve ikinci yılda uygulanacak etkinlik içerikleri ile öğretim yöntemlerine ağırlık verilmiştir.
Elde edilen bulgular son dönem Osmanlı toplumunda Avrupa merkezli erken çocukluk eğitimi
yaklaşımlarından etkilenerek modern ile geleneği birleştiren karma bir eğitim anlayışı geliştirilmeye
çalışıldığını göstermiştir. Modern okul öncesi eğitim programlarının geçmişle karşılaştırılması için bir
temel olarak kullanılabilecek olan bu program, eğitim yaklaşımlarımızın temellendirilmesine katkıda
bulunacaktır.

Calculation of Volume and Surface Area by Determining Geometric Modeling of Some Microstructures

Ali Özdemir — 2025-03-16

In this study, it was determined that some plant microstructures that we can observe under the
microscope have geometric modeling. We can easily observe that many living and non-living substances
that share our planet with us have a geometric structure. In addition to the macrostructures of the visible
external appearances of these substances, there are also microstructures that make up all of these structures
and that we can only observe under a microscope. It is not possible to observe the microstructures of these
substances with the naked eye. This study we conducted showed that the geometric models of these
microstructures that have geometric modeling can be determined and the numerical properties such as
volume and surface area can be determined. In mathematical evaluations, mathematical concepts
determined in the light of literature were used to describe the geometric models of microstructures. In the
study, literature information about geometric structures and their mathematical formulas was evaluated. In
addition, the structures of the geometric models obtained from these definitions were shown with figures.
As a result of our research, we found that the plant tissues whose microscopic structures we examined have
half sphere + circle and half sphere + frustum conical the geometric models.

Experimental Study on Direct Hydrogen Injection in a SI Engine with a Mechanical Injector

Ahmet GÖRGÜLÜ — 2025-03-16

This study investigates the modification of a single-cylinder, air-cooled, four-stroke spark
ignition internal combustion engine for hydrogen direct injection using a mechanically actuated injector.
The cylinder head was redesigned to integrate a mechanical hydrogen injector synchronized with the intake
valve. To assess the injector's performance, various measurement instruments were installed on the test
engine, ensuring the collection of key operational parameters. Safety mechanisms were implemented to
guarantee a secure hydrogen injection process. The engine was tested under different throttle positions (20°
to 40°) and speeds (1000-3500 rpm), with recorded data including torque, net mechanical output, specific
fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, and volumetric efficiency. Results indicated that hydrogen operation
yielded a torque range of 4-5 Nm, thermal efficiency (TE) between 32.2% and 34.9%, and specific fuel
consumption (SFC) values ranging from 86 to 112 g/kWh at a 20° throttle angle. The maximum torque
recorded was 8 Nm at 20° butterfly opening, with a specific fuel consumption of 930 g/kWh and thermal
efficiency of 3.45%. The optimal operating conditions were identified at TE 34.91% with an SFC of 86
g/kWh at 1.2 Nm torque at a 20° throttle opening. Notably, issues such as knocking, pre-ignition, and
backfire, which are common in hydrogen manifold injection systems, were not observed. This study
introduces a novel approach, as prior research has not utilized a mechanically actuated hydrogen injector
synchronized with the intake valve for direct hydrogen injection into the combustion chamber.

Stajyer Öğrencilerin İşverenden Beklentileri

Mehmet ÇOLAK — 2025-03-16

Eğitim, bireyin kişiliğinin gelişmesine yardım eden, ona bilgi ve beceri kazandıran, bireyin ilgi ve
yeteneklerine göre meslek sahibi yapan, topluma, çevreye ve yeniliklere duyarlı ve uyumlu olmasını
sağlayan bir süreçtir. Mesleki eğitim, toplumdaki bireylerin bir meslek sahibi olabilmesi ve mesleğe uygun
bilgi ve becerilerin verileceği bir eğitim sürecinde yetişmesi ve gelişmesi için uygulanan bir eğitim öğretim
sistemidir.
Staj, öğrenciye, iş yaşamına dair sorunları tanıma, onlarla başa çıkma, iş arkadaşları ve üstleri ile iyi iletişim
kurabilme, tüketiciyi tanıma ve onların neler beklediklerini gözlemleme ve onlarla nasıl sağlıklı iletişim
kurulacağına ilişkin bilgileri kazandırır. Öğrenci kendini daha donanımlı hisseder ve öz güveni gelişir.
Sektöre ait yenilikleri tanıması mümkün olur. Bunun yanında, mezuniyet sonrası için önemli bir referans
elde edilmiş olur.
Staj kalitesinin artırılabilmesi için öncelikle staja dair tarafların beklentileri ortaya konulmalı, staj sürecinde
yaşanan sorunlar tespit edilerek çözüm önerileri getirilmelidir.
Bu amaçla bu çalışmada stajyerlerin işverenlerden beklentileri ve staj sorunları tespit edilerek bu sorunlara
çeşitli çözüm önerileri getirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

The treatment of hypertension through Single-Pill Therapy, a present situation in Albania

Zamir DAMANI — 2025-03-16

A significant cause of premature death globally, hypertension affects 1.28 billion adults between the
ages of 30 and 79, two-thirds of whom live in low- and middle-income nations. Adults' blood pressure is
affected by both controllable and non-modifiable factors. The primary risk factor for cardiovascular illnesses
and death worldwide is high blood pressure. Due to poor treatment adherence brought on by its sometimes
asymptomatic nature, many people go undetected, untreated, or receive subpar care. For the majority of
patients, a two-drug regimen, consisting of either single-pill combos or free-equivalent monotherapy
combinations, is advised for beginning hypertension treatment. A calcium channel blocker (CCB) or
thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic is typically recommended in conjunction with a RAS blocker (ACE inhibitor or
ARB). When compared to monotherapy, single-pill therapy lowers high blood pressure (BP), and this is
supported by substantial data. This method reduces adverse drug reactions, enhances patient compliance, and
facilitates faster blood pressure regulation. Keeping blood pressure under control is crucial to reducing
cardiovascular morbidity and death. The European Society of Hypertension's (ESH) most recent guidelines
suggest four major drug classes: beta blockers, thiazide medicines and thiazide-like diuretics, calcium
channel blockers (CCBs), and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) blockers.
Albania lacks data regarding the hypertension load in adult populations and has insufficient knowledge of the
benefits of single-pill combinations. It usually refers to Eastern Europe's group of states from WHO.

Implementation of Assignment Box for Data Safety System (Report Submission) Using Conceptual Arduino Logic Gates

Koh Foo Hin — 2025-03-16

The title of this project was ‘Implementation of IoT for Data Security System (Report Submission)
using Conceptual Arduino Logic Gates’. The purpose of this project is to help to send notifications to the
lectures when the assignment submission, to manage the assignment submissions for both student/lecturer
and to use fingerprint to detect lecturer’s thumbprint to open the designed box. Students nowadays are
terrified of missing assignments, misplacing assignments, and stealing personal information from them.
Thus, the problem can be handled by developing a system assignment receiving box, an assignment
submission mechanism that substitutes the pigeon hole and is more secure, effective, and prevents such
problems. Since the box uses a microcontroller, lecturers can receive notifications on their smartphones by
scanning the motion of the assignment using an IR sensor. Additionally, the box includes a fingerprint
sensor. When the lecturer wants to collect the assignment, he/she should scan the registered fingerprint to
open the box's door and if an unregistered fingerprint tries to access it, the lecturer will receive an alarm
signal. The outcome is to reduce the time spent by both lecturers and students managing assignment
submissions. As a conclusion, this innovative method of resource management and information
dissemination has altered how lecturers and students interact with their learning environment.

Influence of Semi-Rigid joints and Roof Slopes on the Cyclic Behavior of Gabled Frame

Hamid CHAFAI — 2025-03-20

This study investigates the impact of semi-rigid joint behavior on the cyclic response of gabled
structures with different roof slopes. A numerical analysis is conducted on gable frames featuring both rigid
and semi-rigid column-beam joints. The cyclic behavior is examined using the ANSYS V14.5 software,
with the Monforton and Wu model employed to simulate the linear response of semi-rigid joints. The
primary objective of this research is to evaluate how joint flexibility influences the overall structural
performance, particularly in terms of ductility, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation under cyclic
loading. The results indicate that gabled structures with high-pitched roofs and rigid joints exhibit
significant flexibility and improved energy dissipation compared to similar structures with lower slopes.
However, introducing semi-rigid joints further enhances the ductility of the structure, allowing for better
absorption and dissipation of cyclic forces due to their increased rotational capacity. Moreover, the findings
reveal that semi-rigid joints contribute substantially to the overall deformation capacity of gable frames,
especially in low-slope configurations. In such cases, the structural response demonstrates pronounced
ductility, making semi-rigid joints a good option for improving seismic resilience. Conversely, in steep
slope gables, the influence of semi-rigid joints on overall behavior is less significant. These insights
contribute to optimizing structural design by adjusting joint stiffness to specific slope conditions.

Alternatif Helisel Anten Tasarımı

Alper KÖSEOĞLU — 2025-03-20

Helisel anten veya sarmal antenuzun bir geçmişe sahiptir. ve ilk icadından bu yana 60 yılı aşkın
süredir çeşitli çalışma ve geliştirmelerin ilgisini çekmiştir. Helisel antenler, normal mod (elektriksel olarak
küçük geniş kenar) ve eksenel mod (elektriksel olarak büyük son ateş) olmak üzere iki popüler çalışma
moduna sahiptir. Helis antenin ışıma davranışı tasarım yapısına göre değişiklik gösterir. Bunun sonucu
olarak, anten performansları polarizasyonlar ve radyasyon modeli açısından farklı olabilir. Bu çalışmada
geniş bant frekansı için bir sarmal anten tasarımı önerilmiştir. Şerit sarmal anten, geniş bant genişliği ve
dairesel polarizasyon sağlayan geniş bant uygulamaları için tasarlanmıştır. Helisel anten, Kağıt malzeme
kullanılarak 10 GHz frekansında planlanmıştır. Bakır şerit, bir alt tabaka üzerine basılır ve daha sonra
dairesel polarizasyonu gerçekleştirmek için belirli bir yarıçap ile bir sarmal şekle dönüştürülür. Kağıt alt
tabakası üzerindeki sarmal anten ile 10 GHz'de rezonans frekansı ile 1.37GHz'lik geniş bant bant genişliği
elde edilir. Kağıt alt tabaka üzerinde olan sunulan anten 11.61dB'lik bir kazanç elde etmiştir. Anten
parametreleri, ticari CST yazılımı kullanılarak simüle edilmiş ve analiz edilmiştir. Önerilen anten, özellikle
geniş bant uygulamaları için çeşitli kablosuz uygulamalarda kullanılabilir.

The Semiotics of Environmental Crises: Symbols of Extinction

Bekir Derinöz — 2025-03-20

Environmental crises have gone beyond being merely ecological problems and have become
global concerns that need to be examined in cultural, political and semiotic dimensions. This study aims
to examine how environmental extinction and ecological destruction are symbolized by focusing on the
semiotic analysis of environmental crises. In particular, how are natural disasters, climate change and
environmental collapse represented in media, art, literature and political discourses? Which images,
metaphors and narratives shape the perception of environmental disasters? In this context, the research
investigates how environmental crises are embedded in social memory, through which symbols they gain
meaning and how these signs affect political-ecological discourses. The main research questions of the
study are as follows: How are environmental crises visualized? Through which semiotic markers are these
crises presented? How do the resulting signs shape individual and social perceptions? The study is
evaluated within the theoretical framework of Peirce and Barthes' semiotic theories. In the research, the
representations, linguistic expressions and symbolic elements of the visuals associated with
environmental disasters are analyzed from a semiotic perspective. The findings reveal that certain
symbols and narratives are frequently repeated in the depiction of environmental crises and reinforce
ecological concerns. This study reveals that the crises that lead to environmental problems do not only
have a scientific aspect, but these environmental crises are also created culturally and semiotically. In
addition, the socio-political structure of environmental crises and the structure of meaning they gain
within the context of discourse are closely related to semiotics.

Rhodium Plating Work in the Jewelry Industry

Ezgi Tanrıverdi — 2025-03-20

Rhodium, a platinum group metal, is the most expensive metal in this class. It is used in the
jewelry sector, optical devices, automotive industry and chemical processes. It is highly preferred in
coatings made in the jewelry sector. In this study, a comprehensive research has been conducted on rhodium
metal, which is among the precious metals, and a study that is intended to contribute scientifically has been
presented by organizing the information. Rhodium is a very valuable metal in economic and environmental
terms. Coatings made with rhodium have a significant difference when compared to other metals. For this
reason, coating was made with this metal under laboratory conditions. The general grinding method was
chosen from existing methods such as general and pencil grinding for rhodium coating. The necessary
conditions were determined to be able to make the most efficient coating. The necessary surface
preparations for coating and the steps to bring it to environmental conditions were carried out. Rhodium
coating was applied to the selected plate and earring surfaces in the school laboratory. As a result of the
coating, materials with white and shiny surfaces were obtained.

"Learning by doing" the PageRank algorithm for ranking nodes in a graph

Rudina Osmanaj — 2025-03-21

Introducing numerical techniques and algorithms to bachelor physics students is often quite
challenging, especially in the first and second year. In our previous works, we have implemented and
tested the "Learning by Doing" method with the Physics Master students and we have clearly seen that
the student performance has been increased significantly in two important subjects: Elementary Particle
Physics and Computational Physics. In this work we present an application of the PageRank and
PowerMethod Algorithms for the teaching based ranking of the Departments of the Faculty of Natural
Sciences and some results of the students performance in understanding ranking and eigen-values
algorithms, using the same method: "Learning by Doing". We have tested the performance of the students
for these algorithms during the Midterm exam. Then the students worked together on the project of
teaching based ranking of the departments using the PageRank algorithm. We have considered the
teaching connections of nine departments between them, in ten bachelor programs offered by the Faculty
of Natura Sciences, UT in Albania and used the PageRank and PowerMethod algorithms for finding the
most teaching based ranked department. After the project, we tested the students performance on these
algorithms in the final exam. The compared results clearly demonstrated that the students performance
increase significantly.

Geometric Modeling of Closed Steiner Chain in Micro-Scale Structures

Ali Özdemir — 2025-03-21

Many functional properties of living and non-living materials around us depend on the size,
shape and therefore geometric models of their smaller parts. The geometric models of these parts are factors
that affect their distribution and settlement patterns in the area where they are located. The settlement
patterns of geometric models of materials are not simple and random, and most of them are concepts that
we can define with formulas. We can detect geometric models of some materials that we can observe with
the naked eye. However, it is more difficult to detect geometric models that make up materials at micro
scales. Such studies will provide information about the efficiency of the whole of these materials by
knowing their microstructures. At the same time, when the micro mathematical properties and geometric
structures of these materials are known and taken into consideration, the efficiency parameters at the macro
scale can also be easily determined. In this study, it was tried to determine the definitions of geometric
structures based on mathematical rules in some microstructures that we can only observe with a microscope.
In our research, different plant micro geometric modeling was used to define geometric models. In
mathematical evaluations, mathematical concepts determined in the light of literature were used to describe
the geometric models of microstructures.

Direction-of-Arrival Analysis for Radio Signal Detection from under Real Collapsed Building after Several Earthquakes

Abdulkerim Khveled — 2025-03-21

This paper investigates how radio signals travel through earthquake rubble to assist search-and
rescue teams in locating trapped survivors. The experiment focuses on both antenna performance and
accurate localization of a buried transmitter by scanning multiple points around collapsed buildings. A
continuous wave signal (500–2000 MHz) was transmitted from under the rubble, and signal strength was
measured at different positions. The dipole antenna was first used to scan large disaster areas, such as Tall
Rifat, where entire neighborhoods were destroyed, making it difficult to determine the exact locations of
collapsed buildings. Its omnidirectional nature allowed for broad signal detection. Once a signal was
identified, the LOG-Periodic antenna was used to precisely determine the transmitter’s location. By
directing the LOG-Periodic antenna towards the signal source, a strong peak was observed, while rotating
it 180 degrees nearly eliminated the signal. The study also examines signal behavior at different distances
and angles, measuring reception at multiple points on each side of the collapsed buildings. The findings
and details of these analyses are presented, specifically when evaluating the impact of antenna type,
frequency, and receiver positioning on signal detection and localization.

Bazı Crupina (Pers.) DC Taksonlarının Mikro Ölçümleri Üzerinde İstatistiksel Bir Çalışma

Canan Özdemir — 2025-03-21

Bu çalışmada, Asteraceae familyasına ait iki Crupina (Pers.) DC türlerinin kök ve gövdesine ait bazı
mikro yapı hücrelerinin çap ölçümleri nümerik olarak karşılaştırılıp istatistikleri yapılmıştır. Araştırma
konusunu oluşturan Curipina vulgaris Pers ex. Cass 1500-1600 m arasında Bingöl ilinden, Crupina
crupinastrum (Moris) Vis türü ise 1000-1100 m araında Malatya ilinden ve 1400-1450 m arasında Niğde
ilinden toplanmıştır. Bu türler tek yıllık olup otsu formdadırlar. Türlerin otsu ve dik duruşlu olan gövdeleri
yıldızsı ve çokgen şeklindedir. Türlerin yaprakları oldukça küçük olup üzerinde örtü tüyü taşımaktadır.
Toplanan örneklerin bir kısmı istatistik çalışmalarına veri oluşturacak anatomik çalışmalar için %70’ lik
etanolde fikse edilmiştir. Bir kısmı ise kurutularak herbaryum örneği haline getirilmiştir. Her iki türünde
geometrik yapıya sahip kök ve gövde kısımlarnın anatomik özellikleri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiş ve
farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar fotoğraf ve tablolar ile gösterilmiştir. Çalışmamızda
örneklerimizin sahip olduğu kök ve gövde geometrik yapıya sahip hücrelerinin çapları ölçülmüştür. Elde
edilen sayısal değerler tablolara aktarılmıştır. Bu tablolardan yararlanılarak iki farklı örneklerin
karşılaştırılması istatistik metot kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sayısal değerler 0.01P ve 0.05P
önemlilik seviyelerinde pearson correlation testi ile istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmiş ve tablolar ile
gösterilmiştir. İstatistik çalışmaların sonucunda geometrik modellere sahip kök ve gövde mikro yapılarının
sayısal değerlerinin kullanılarak incelenen örnekler arasında benzerlik ve farklılıkların olduğu tespit
edilebileceği ve taksonların karşılaştırılabileceği tespit edilmiştir.

Process Analysis and Improvement in Coffee Production: A Case Study of First Pasha Coffee

Abdulrahman Alazraq — 2025-03-21

The coffee industry is growing rapidly, particularly in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region.
First Pasha Coffee, a premium coffee producer in Oman, seeks to enhance its production efficiency while
maintaining product quality. This study analyzes the production process of First Pasha Coffee, identifying
key inefficiencies and proposing improvements using Six Sigma (DMAIC), Value Stream Mapping (VSM),
and Lean Manufacturing. The findings indicate that implementing automation in mixing, filling, and
packaging significantly enhances efficiency, reduces costs, and ensures product consistency. A financial
analysis demonstrates the feasibility of automation investments, showing a strong return on investment
(ROI). The study also explores sustainability initiatives to align with environmentally responsible coffee
production.

ARAÇ ÇAMURLUKLARININ YOL SİNYALLERİ ETKİSİ ALTINDA TİTREŞİM ANALİZİ

Ali Menteşe — 2025-03-26

Bu çalışmada ticari araçlarda kullanılan galvaniz kaplı çelik çamurluk bağlantı aparatının bağlantı yuvalarında, kelepçe kısımlarında ve braket üzerinde oluşan paslanma sorunlarını aşmak ve bunların yanı sıra yol koşulları etkisi ile çamurlukta oluşan titreşimi en aza indirmek adına karbon takviyeli poliamid 66 malzemeli çamurluk bağlantı aparatı tasarımı yapılmıştır. Bu tasarımda çamurluk bağlantı aparatının tüm parçaları karbon takviyeli poliamid 66 malzemesinden üretilmiştir. Tasarımda kelepçe bağlantısının ve çamurluk bağlantısının yapılması için açılacak deliklerde kullanılacak olan cıvatanın böğür çapı ölçüsünde tasarlanmıştır. Tasarlanan bu çamurluk bağlantı aparatı ile araç üzerinde belli miktarda hafifletme sağlanacaktır. Çamurluk bağlantı aparatı, ticari araçların taşıt ömür testlerinde baz alınan 1,000,000 km değerini simüle edecek olan çeşitli yol kalitelerinden oluşan parkurdan alınan gerçek yol sinyalleri ile laboratuvar ortamında şoför, çekici, prototip araç üretimi vb. masraflardan kaçınarak ömür değerlendirilmesi yapılması amaçlanmaktadır.