International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser <p>International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches (IJANSER) publishes regular research papers, reviews, letters, and communications covering all aspects of engineering and natural sciences. Our aim is to publish novel / improved methods/approaches of these field to benefit the community, open to everyone in need of them. There is no restriction on the length of the papers or colors used. The method/approach must be presented in detail so that the results can be reproduced.</p> Umut Özkaya en-US International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2980-0811 Balistik Zırh Uygulamaları İçin Al3Ti ve TiB₂ Takviyeli Fonksiyonel Derecelendirilmiş Katman İçeren Kompozitlerin Üretimi ve Karakterizayonu https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2681 <p>Bu çalışmada, savurma ve sedimantasyon döküm teknikleri kullanılarak tabakalı balistik malzeme <br>üretimi amaçlanmıştır. Matris malzemesi olarak alüminyum, takviye elemanları olarak ise Al₃Ti ve TiB₂ <br>partikülleri tercih edilmiştir. Bu partiküller, alüminyum alaşımlarının mekanik özelliklerini artırmaları <br>nedeniyle seçilmiştir. <br>İlk aşamada, savurma döküm yöntemiyle Al₃Ti partikülleri içeren katmanlı bir yapı elde edilmiştir. <br>Sonrasında, Al-Ti master alaşımına 1200 °C’de bor ilavesiyle TiB₂ partikülleri sentezlenmiş ve bu <br>partiküller hem savurma hem de sedimantasyon tekniğiyle TiB₂ katmanına sahip balistik malzemeler <br>üretilmiştir. <br>Üretilen numunelerin karakterizasyonu kapsamında, mikro yapı incelemeleri için optik mikroskop <br>analizleri gerçekleştirilmiş; partikül dağılımı ve katman yapısı detaylı şekilde gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, <br>numunelerin yoğunlukları Arşimet prensibine dayalı yöntemle belirlenmiş; sertlik özellikleri ise Brinell <br>testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. <br>Çalışma sonuçları, hem savurma hem de sedimantasyon döküm yöntemleriyle Al₃Ti ve TiB₂ takviyeli <br>katman içeren kompozit balistik malzemelerin üretilebildiğini göstermiştir. Özellikle TiB₂ partiküllerinin <br>daha küçük taneli yapısı ve yüksek sertlik değeri sayesinde, Al₃Ti’ye kıyasla daha etkili bir takviye fazı <br>olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Döküm teknikleri karşılaştırıldığında, savurma yöntemi partiküllerin merkezkaç <br>kuvvetiyle daha homojen dağılmasını sağladığı ve daha yüksek takviye oranı sunduğu için avantajlı <br>görünsede, sedimantasyon yöntemi üretim sürecinin basitliği, düşük ekipman ihtiyacı ve büyük hacimli <br>dökümlere olan uygunluğu nedeniyle endüstriyel ölçekli üretim açısından daha uygun bulunmuştur. <br>Sonuç olarak, TiB₂ partiküllerinin sedimantasyon tekniği ile üretilmiş katmanlara entegre edilmesi, <br>özellikle zırh uygulamaları için yüksek sertlik ve performans sunması nedeniyle önemli bir avantaj <br>sağlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada elde edilen bulgular, katmanlı balistik malzeme tasarımlarında hem <br>takviye türü hem de üretim tekniğinin optimize edilmesinin kritik öneme sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.</p> Muhammed Soner BAŞER Ömer SAVAŞ Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-04 2025-06-04 9 6 1 8 Intersection of Migration And Education Policies: Access to Education for Syrian Children in Turkey https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2682 <p>This study explores the access of Syrian children to education in Turkey within the context of <br>migration and education policies. Following the Syrian civil war that began in 2011, Turkey has become <br>host to over 3.6 million Syrian refugees, with children making up a significant portion. The research focuses <br>on the integration of these children into the Turkish education system, the obstacles they encounter, and the <br>national and international policy responses addressing these challenges. <br>Using qualitative document analysis, the study reviews legal regulations, policy documents, academic <br>literature, and international reports. Key barriers identified include language difficulties, curriculum <br>incompatibility, socioeconomic disadvantages, psychosocial issues, and experiences of discrimination. <br>The study emphasizes the need for sustainable and inclusive education policies. Recommendations include <br>enhancing Turkish language support, developing adaptable curricula, offering targeted teacher training, <br>expanding financial support, and increasing access to psychosocial services. <br>Ensuring education for Syrian children is vital not only for their personal development but also for Turkey’s <br>broader social cohesion and long-term policy goals. Therefore, the formulation of inclusive and responsive <br>education policies is imperative in addressing both humanitarian needs and integration efforts.</p> Şengül BÜYÜKBOYACI Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-04 2025-06-04 9 6 9 19 The Effect of Hot and Cold EGR Applications on Exhaust Emissions in Diesel Engines https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2683 <p>In this study, the effects of hot and cold Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) applications on <br>exhaust emissions in diesel engines were experimentally investigated. Tests were conducted by applying <br>both hot and cold EGR at 10% and 20% rates, and the resulting emission values were compared with <br>standard operating conditions. The results revealed that both types of EGR significantly reduced NOx <br>emissions. However, as the EGR rate increased, notable increases were observed in HC, CO, and smoke <br>emissions. These increases are attributed to the reduction in oxygen concentration and combustion <br>temperature in the combustion chamber caused by EGR, which negatively affects combustion efficiency. <br>In particular, the further decrease in combustion temperature with cold EGR applications exacerbated <br>these negative effects. In conclusion, although EGR applications are effective in controlling NOx <br>emissions, they must be carefully optimized due to their adverse impact on other harmful emissions. The <br>findings suggest that to balance engine emissions effectively, EGR rate, application type (hot/cold), and <br>engine operating parameters must be evaluated together.</p> Idris Cesur Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-05 2025-06-05 9 6 20 30 Rapid and Accurate Estimation of Milk Fat by Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Comparison of Different Pre-processing and Regression Methods https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2684 <p>This study aims to rapidly and accurately estimate the fat content of milk using near-infrared <br>spectroscopy and various chemometric analysis methods. In the study, different pre-processing techniques <br>such as standard normal variate, multiplicative scatter correction, Savitzky-Golay smoothing, and spectral <br>differentiation were applied along with various modeling approaches such as partial least squares <br>regression, ridge regression, support vector regression, lasso regression, and random forest regression. <br>The findings show that pre-processing methods have a decisive impact on model success. In particular, <br>the use of standard normal variate and first derivative pre-processing methods in combination with partial <br>least squares regression and ridge regression resulted in the highest accuracy and lowest error values. The <br>results suggest that near-infrared spectroscopy can be an effective and reliable tool for automation and <br>real-time monitoring of quality control processes in the dairy industry. <br><br></p> Özcan Çataltaş Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-05 2025-06-05 9 6 31 40 Şerit Testere ile Kesilen Metalik Yüzeyin Pürüzlülük Değerinin Parametrik Optimizasyonu https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2685 <p>Metal ve alaşım malzemelerin yarı mamul veya mamul hale getirilmesinde, şerit testere makineleri <br>yaygın olarak tercih edilen kesme sistemlerinden biridir. Şerit testereler, üretim süreçlerinin ilk aşamasında <br>yer almakta olup, yapısal özellikleri sayesinde diğer kesme yöntemlerine kıyasla daha ekonomik çözümler <br>sunmaktadır. Özellikle şerit bıçağının ince yapısı, malzeme israfını azaltarak ekonomik kesim imkânı <br>sağlar. Kesme işleminin hassasiyeti, sonraki işlem basamaklarını minimize ederek işçilik maliyetlerinin <br>düşürülmesine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Artan üretim maliyetleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, kesilen <br>parçaların nihai ürün olarak kullanılabilmesi, kesme kalitesi ve yüzey hassasiyetinin önemini artırmaktadır. <br>Bu çalışmada, imalat sektöründe yaygın olarak kullanılan şerit testere tezgâhı ile üç farklı metal <br>malzemenin, üç farklı kesme hızı ve üç farklı ilerleme değerinde kesilmesi sonucunda elde edilen yüzey <br>pürüzlülüğü değerlerinin optimizasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneysel olarak yürütülen çalışmada, deney <br>sayısını azaltarak etkin sonuçlar elde etmek amacıyla Taguchi yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Kesilen numunelerin <br>yüzey pürüzlülüğü, yüzey ölçüm cihazları ile belirlenmiş ve elde edilen veriler varyans analizi (ANOVA) <br>ile değerlendirilerek optimum kesme parametreleri ortaya konulmuştur.</p> Hakan SUMAK Süleyman NEŞELİ Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-05 2025-06-05 9 6 41 53 New Analytical Wave Solutions and Physical Interpretations of the Benjamin–Ono Equation https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2686 <p>In this study, the G'/G2 method, one of the methods used to find analytical solutions of nonlinear <br>partial differential equations, is analysed. With the use of this method, travelling wave solutions of the <br>Benjamin Ono equation have been found and various solutions have been obtained depending on arbitrary <br>parameters. In this paper, the applicability and efficiency of this method on nonlinear evolution equations <br>(NLEEs) are investigated.</p> Damla Gezici Münevver Tuz Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-05 2025-06-05 9 6 54 60 A Novel Framework for Accurate Multiclass Blood Cell Classification Using Deep Learning https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2687 <p>This work introduces a new approach for classification of blood cells that handles issues <br>imbalance dataset between different categories and the presence of several classes. The main part of the <br>proposed approach is ResNet-18, a deep neural network designed for both strong and efficient feature <br>extraction and classification. We implemented class balancing techniques to eliminate the problem of <br>imbalanced classes in the training data. The model was able to classify Plasma Cell, Basophil, Eosinophils, <br>Erythroblast, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, nRBC and Platelet among the blood cell types. The study showed <br>that the model achieved an accuracy of 99.12%, precision of 99.12%, recall of 99.13% and F1-score of <br>99.12%. A deep learning framework makes blood cell analysis dependable and easily scalable, helping <br>solve major issues with classifying medical images. <br><br></p> Usama Irshad Muhammad Munwar Iqbal Romail Khan Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-05 2025-06-05 9 6 61 69 A Framework for Multiclass Classification of Eye disease Using Deep Learning https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2688 <p>Eye diseases must be found and treated early to prevent problems with vision and ensure the <br>right treatment is given. A model based on deep learning and the VGG-16 structure is suggested in this <br>study for the automatic detection of six common ophthalmic conditions: AMD, Cataract, Diabetic <br>Retinopathy, Glaucoma, Retinal Detachment and Normal. Kaggle datasets that were made freely <br>available were selected for this study and used in a split of 80% for training and 20% for testing. In order <br>to match the VGG-16 model and improve image quality, we resized the images to 227×227 pixels, used <br>ImageNet statistics for normalization and added Gaussian blur to filter out noise. The model achieved a <br>total accuracy of 95%, macro and weighted average precision, recall and F1-scores were all recorded as <br>0.96 and 0.95. This confirms that the model can correctly detect a wide array of eye diseases in fundus <br>images, suggesting it will be useful for both early screening and automatic diagnosis in ophthalmology. <br>Although the model produced excellent results for all eye disease. This research shows that VGG-16 and <br>other deep learning techniques can greatly benefit medical image analysis and aid doctors in making <br>decisions about patients in ophthalmology.</p> Romail Khan Muhammad Munwar Iqbal Usama Irshad Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-05 2025-06-05 9 6 70 78 Tribological behavior of choline chloride as additive to vegetable oil https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2689 <p>The tribological properties of sunflower oil were improved by using choline chloride-based IL <br>as sustainable bio-lubricant additive at various concentrations including 0.25 - 1 wt% IL. With a pin-on<br>disc tribometer, the lubricants were tested under realistic conditions of a 20 N load, 500 rpm rotational <br>speed and ambient temperature, to measure their ability to reduce friction and protect the surface from wear. <br>The oil blended with 1 wt% choline chloride IL showed a significant decrease of 60.43% in friction <br>coefficient and 53.65% in wear scar volume, compared to the neat oil. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) <br>and stylus profilometry showed that a strong, protective tribofilm was formed which reduced surface <br>roughness and lowered the amount of abrasive wear. The reason for the excellent tribological performance <br>is that ILs are stable, have ionic structures and easily attach to metal surfaces which supports both extra <br>load capacity and more even shear stress distribution at the contact point. The results suggest that choline <br>chloride ILs are suitable eco-friendly additives for bio-lubricants and can replace the common use of <br>mineral oils in industrial applications. Following the right experimental approach and detailed surface <br>analysis, the study presents a good starting point for further improvements and wide use of IL-modified <br>bio-lubricants in industries. This work adds valuable information to the field of ionic liquid-based additives <br>and encourages the use of more environmentally friendly lubrication solutions. <br><br></p> Muhammad Deebaj Mubashir Gulzar Muhammad Ali Nasir Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-05 2025-06-05 9 6 79 90 Comparative Analysis of Square and Spiral Coils for Efficient Inductive Wireless Power Transfer https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2690 <p>This paper presents the simulation and comparative analysis of different coil geometries used in <br>wireless power transfer systems, focusing on square and spiral coil configurations. Using the Ansys <br>Maxwell 3D simulation environment, key electromagnetic parameters such as self-inductance, mutual <br>inductance, and coupling coefficients were calculated to evaluate the performance of each design. For the <br>square coil, the simulation results demonstrated a consistent self-inductance and a varying coupling <br>coefficient depending on the distance between the coils. As the separation distance increased, the mutual <br>inductance and coupling coefficient values decreased, confirming the distance-sensitive nature of inductive <br>coupling. The spiral coil, formed by side-by-side winding of copper tubing, showed the highest efficiency <br>in magnetic field distribution and inductive characteristics. Visual representations revealed that the <br>magnetic field intensity was most concentrated near the inner diameter of the spiral coil due to the denser <br>turn count and reduced inter-turn spacing. These findings suggest that geometric parameters significantly <br>influence coil efficiency and coupling behavior in inductive wireless power systems. The study offers <br>practical insights into coil design optimization for improved power transfer efficiency and system reliability <br>in real-world applications. <br><br></p> Mohammed Wadi Mohammed Jouda Mohammed Salemdeeb Riad Bendib Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-05 2025-06-05 9 6 91 99 Enhanced Performance in Inductive Wireless Energy Transfer Systems: A Study of Helical and Tubular Coils Configurations https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2691 <p>This paper presents the simulation and comparative analysis of different coil geometries used in <br>wireless power transfer systems, focusing on square and spiral coil configurations. Using the Ansys <br>Maxwell 3D simulation environment, key electromagnetic parameters such as self-inductance, mutual <br>inductance, and coupling coefficients were calculated to evaluate the performance of each design. This <br>study examines two coil geometries' inductive and magnetic coupling characteristics—helical and <br>tubular—across different separation lengths. Inductance and coupling coefficient values were derived via <br>simulations using self- and mutual-inductance matrices. The helical coil demonstrated a coupling <br>coefficient of around 0.086 and an inductance of 83.4 µH at a spacing of 135 mm. The self-inductance <br>values of the tubular coil exhibited slight fluctuation with distance, affirming that self-inductance is <br>primarily independent of coil separation. Conversely, mutual inductance and coupling coefficients <br>markedly decreased as the inter-coil distance rose, with the tubular coil's coupling coefficient declining <br>from 0.276 at 50 mm to 0.038 at 200 mm. These findings validate the susceptibility of magnetic coupling <br>to coil configuration and separation, offering valuable insights for wireless power transmission and <br>magnetic sensing applications. <br><br></p> Mohammed Wadi Mohammed Salemdeeb Mohammed Jouda Riad Bendib Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-05 2025-06-05 9 6 100 108 Arthrospira platensis in Family Medicine https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2692 <p>Arthrospira platensis (commonly known as Spirulina) has emerged as a prominent microalga <br>with significant therapeutic and nutritional potential. This review investigates the role and applications of <br>A. platensis within family medicine by exploring its nutrient composition, health benefits, clinical <br>evidence, and implications for preventive healthcare. A systematic review methodology was utilized, <br>drawing from databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, with inclusion criteria <br>emphasizing peer-reviewed articles from the past ten years. The principal findings indicate substantial <br>antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, highlighting the microalga's potential as <br>a supportive therapeutic agent in managing chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular <br>diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, and inflammation-related disorders. Challenges related to <br>standardization, clinical validation, and regulatory considerations are identified as critical areas for future <br>research. Ultimately, integrating A. platensis into family medicine practice could enhance patient<br>centered care through preventive and complementary health strategies.</p> Tayfun Bektaş Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-05 2025-06-05 9 6 109 113 R-ESPCN ile Medikal Görüntülemede Süper Çözünürlük https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2693 <p>Hastalıkların erken teşhisinde Manyetik Rezonans (MR), Bilgisayarlı Tomografi (BT) ve Pozitron <br>Emisyon Tomografisi (PET), ultrason ve röntgen gibi tıbbi görüntüleme teknikleri uzun yıllardır <br>hastalıkların tanısı ve tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Tıbbi görüntüler üzerinde doğru tanı konulabilmesi ve <br>sonrasında tedavi süreçleri için kritik öneme sahip iken düşük çözünürlüklü tıbbı görüntüler tanının <br>doğruluğunu ve detaylı analiz yeteneğini sınırlayabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, MR ve BT teknikleri ile elde <br>edilen beyin görüntülerinin çözünürlüğünü artırmak amacıyla R-ESPCN (Yenilenen ESPCN) modeli <br>kullanılmıştır. R-ESPCN modeli ile düşük çözünürlüklü MR görüntülerinin iyileştirilmesi amaçlanmış ve <br>elde edilen sonuçlar PSNR (Tepe Sinyal Gürültü Oranı) ve SSIM (Yapısal Benzerlik İndeksi Ölçümü) <br>metrikleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre R-ESPCN'in beyin görüntülerinde önemli bir <br>çözünürlük iyileştirmesi sağladığını ve böylece tıbbi görüntülerin tanı değerinin artırılabileceğini <br>göstermektedir. Model karşılaştırıldığında ortalama olarak yüksek PSNR ve SSIM değerleri elde edilmiştir. <br>R-ESPCN 'ın MR ve BT görüntüleme teknikleri ile elde edilen verilerde güvenilir ve etkili bir çözünürlük <br>iyileştirme aracı olarak kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir.</p> Muhammed Fatih AĞALDAY Ahmet ÇINAR Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-05 2025-06-05 9 6 114 121 Deneysel Akışkanlar Mekaniğinde Eğitim Amaçlı Su Tüneli Tasarımı https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2694 <p>Su tünelleri, akışkanlar mekaniği alanında özellikle parçacık izleme, akış görselleştirme ve <br>türbülanslı akışların analizi gibi uygulamalarda yaygın olarak kullanılan, kontrollü bir ortamda akışın <br>oluşturulmasını sağlayan temel bir deney düzeneğidir. [3] Ancak, ticari su tünellerinin yüksek maliyetleri, <br>büyük boyutları ve kurulum zorlukları, eğitim ve araştırma kurumlarında bu sistemlere erişimi önemli <br>ölçüde kısıtlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, eğitimde kullanılmak üzere tasarlanan, düşük maliyetli bir su <br>tünelinin tasarım ve imalat süreci ayrıntılı olarak sunulmaktadır.[3] Amaç deneysel su tünellerinin temel <br>yapısal özelliklerini, çalışma prensiplerini ve birçok farklı mühendislik alanlarındaki kullanım biçimlerini <br>farklı ölçüm teknikleri kullanarak kapsamlı bir biçimde incelemektir. Tasarım aşamasında kıyaslama <br>yapılırken ortam koşullarına en uygun kullanışlı tasarım tercih edilmiştir. Açık devre prensibiyle çalışan <br>sistem, 2 m × 0.7 m × 0.5 m boyutlarında cam bir tank, PVC merkez kanal, değişken debili bir su pompası <br>ve akış yönlendirici elemanlardan oluşmaktadır. Yapısal elemanlarda çelik, cam malzeme ve paslanmaz <br>çelik tercih edilerek uzun ömürlü ve stabil bir deney ortamı sağlanmıştır. Cam, akrilik veya şeffaf PVC'ye <br>göre üstün optik netlik, çizilme ve bulanıklık direnci sunduğundan görsel deney kalitesi açısından tercih <br>edilmiştir. İmalat sürecinde düşük maliyetli fakat etkili yapıştırıcı ve sızdırmazlık malzemeleri (silikon <br>macunu, PVC yapıştırıcısı vb.) kullanılarak toplam maliyet 3.250 – 3.750 USD aralığında tutulmuştur. <br>Sistem, 0.1–1 m/s arasında ayarlanabilir akış hızları ile farklı Reynolds sayılarında görsel ve nicel deneylere <br>olanak sağlamaktadır. Tünel tasarımı CAD yazılımları (SolidWorks, AutoCAD) ile optimize edilmiş; <br>prototip doğrulama çalışmalarıyla performansı test edilmiştir. Ayrıca, maliyet analizi sonuçları, benzer <br>özelliklere sahip ticari sistemlere kıyasla oldukça ekonomik ve erişilebilir bir çözüm sunduğunu <br>göstermektedir. Sistem, taşıma esnasında oluşabilecek yapısal deformasyonları önlemek amacıyla yerinde <br>montaj yöntemiyle kurulmuştur. Bu çalışma, düşük bütçeli araştırma ortamlarında deneysel akışkan <br>dinamiği çalışmalarının yaygınlaştırılmasına katkı sağlamayı ve eğitimde kullanılabilirliği artırmayı <br>hedeflemektedir.</p> Hilal AKBUNAR ÇAMURDIK Mustafa Arif ÖZGÜR Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-05 2025-06-05 9 6 122 127 Palynological study of spores of the species Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. in Albania https://as-proceeding.com/index.php/ijanser/article/view/2695 <p>Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm.is a small herbaceous isospore plant. The study presents the <br>morphological description of the spores of Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm in Albania. At the same time, <br>a comparison of the palynological data of this species with those from the literature is made. The spores are <br>monolete and of the bilateral type. So, they have only one laesura. The spores have oval to ellipsoid, to bean<br>shaped contours. The surface of the exine is smooth (psilate) and of uniform thickness. The exine is about 1.5 <br>um thick. <br>The perispora has spiny cristae, not uniform, but well developed. The perispore folds merge at the base. They <br>form wrinkles of different shapes, giving the impression that they are independent of each other. The size of <br>the perispore ornaments varies. They can reach up to 4-5 um. Through this study, more information is provided <br>on the morphological features of the spores of this species of our country compared to the literature data. <br>The material for the study was taken fresh in the Kolosian, Kukës area, Albania. The study was carried out <br>with a Motic BA310 light microscope with 400x and 1000x magnification.</p> A. GOLLOSHI G. KAPIDANI L. SHUKA M. MEÇO Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 2025-06-05 2025-06-05 9 6 128 132