International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches

WSN Routing Protocols: A Clear and Comprehensive Review

Ahmed A. Al-Healy — 2025-02-28

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as a fundamental technology in modern
applications, including environmental monitoring, smart cities, healthcare, and industrial automation.
Efficient routing plays a crucial role in ensuring network longevity, energy efficiency, and reliable data
transmission, given the inherent constraints of WSNs, such as limited energy, processing power, and
dynamic topologies. Over the years, various routing protocols have been proposed to address these
challenges, each designed to optimize performance based on different criteria. This paper provides a
comprehensive yet concise review of WSN routing protocols, offering a broader classification than previous
studies by integrating multiple taxonomies from the literature. Unlike existing reviews that may either be
too detailed or overly general, this study presents a structured and accessible overview that balances depth
and clarity. Key routing challenges, including energy efficiency, scalability, and security, are discussed,
followed by a detailed classification of routing protocols based on network structure, data delivery mode,
path establishment, application type, and next-hop selection strategies. By merging diverse classification
schemes into a unified framework, this review aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a clear,
well-organized perspective on the current state of WSN routing. The insights presented in this study can
serve as a foundation for future research and the development of more adaptive and efficient routing
solutions for WSNs.

Cloud Computing in Data Management: Strategic Models, Performance Analysis and Quantum Integration Trends

Kamil Aykutalp GÜNDÜZ — 2025-02-28

Cloud computing systems, at the center of digital transformation, represent a paradigmatic shift
in enterprise computing technologies. Radically transforming traditional data management approaches, this
technological ecosystem is redefining the foundation of computing infrastructures.
Governance is the organization's control and oversight of procedures, policies and standards and
applications in terms of design, implementation, testing and use. The fact that cloud computing enables
simple use over a wide area makes it difficult for organizations to control the arbitrary use of services by
their employees. An important advantage of cloud computing is that it reduces the resources spent on capital
investment and covers the costs incurred for operational services. In this way, both the financial and time
expenditures required for new services are reduced and the return on financial investments is accelerated.
This study examines the theoretical framework of data management models in modern cloud computing
systems, their performance dynamics and future technological trends in the light of quantum advances with
a holistic approach. The research reveals the strategic importance of cloud data management, comparative
performance analysis and future technological projections. The study underlines the importance of quantum
computing integration and draws the reader's attention to this critical technological dimension. The
potential revolutionary role of quantum technologies in cloud data management systems is thus more clearly
emphasized.

Preparation of silica nanoparticles coated with fluorescent nanomaterials (imidazole) for pesticide detection in aqueous solutions

ALI .S. ALZAIDY — 2025-02-28

Silica quantum dots are a preferred type of fluorescent materials and are highly appreciated due
to their exceptional properties and size. The study is summarized in several parts In the preparation of
fluorescent quantum dots by the reaction of ascorbic acid with Aptes (3-aminopropyl) triethoxy silane
(SIQDs). Then, the surface modification of SIQDs with a fluorescence-enhancing substance (amidazole)
becomes SIQDs-M. A simple alkaline hydrothermal process was used to synthesize and modify the
surface of silica quantum dots using imidazole to enhance the fluorescence emission and thus improve the
detection limit ratio. The structural information of the prepared silica for the two compounds SIQDs) 3
and (SIQDs-M) was obtained by XRD and then characterized by (FE-SEM), as well as TEM) and (FT
IR). The results also showed that the prepared silica quantum dots have a consistent size distribution
ranging from (12-20) nm, in addition to the optical properties, including a tenfold increase in fluorescence
intensity. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) of the identified compounds were
determined using fluorescence spectroscopy at room temperature, and the results confirm that these
values are important in the use of fluorescence spectroscopy and have the necessary selectivity for
environmental applications and can effectively detect the pesticide (boric acid) in aqueous samples. The
optimum factors for the pesticide detection process (mixing time of solutions, concentration, pH effect
and ions) were studied, which proved the effectiveness of the prepared quantum dots in detecting the
pesticide.

Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Distributed Flow Shop Scheduling Problem

Ümit TOK — 2025-02-28

The increasing prevalence of multi-factory models has led to the emergence of more complex
problems. To solve these large and complex issues, our study utilizes the Distributed Flow Shop Scheduling
Problem (DFSP) with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for inter-factory transportation. DFSP aims to
optimize job sequencing and inter-factory transportation times to minimize the total completion time
(makespan). Solving this problem is particularly crucial in improving resource-sharing efficiency,
minimizing costs, and ensuring quick market response in complex and diverse production environments.
Experiments demonstrate that PSO optimizes job sequences and balances factory assignments, achieving a
minimum makespan of 10 units. A Gantt chart was used to visualize resource utilization and planning
efficiency for a better understanding of the solution. Compared to methods such as Genetic Algorithms and
Simulated Annealing, PSO offers advantages in convergence speed and computational efficiency.
This study shows that PSO is one of the best methods applicable to real-world planning problems and
logistical challenges. Future studies may combine PSO with other metaheuristic methods for faster
resolution of dynamic planning problems.

Parameter Optimization of Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm on Solar Distillation System

Halil Görkem HEREK — 2025-02-28

As the global population continues to grow, so does the demand for potable water. However,
the ever-decreasing reserves of fresh water are under serious threat. Freshwater reserves constitute only
2.5% of the world's total water supply. According to various research reports, by 2050, 75% of the global
population will struggle to access potable water and face severe water scarcity. To mitigate this issue,
water resources need to be managed intelligently and sustainably. In addition, scientists are working on
desalination systems to make non-potable water drinkable. This study focuses on a solar distillation
system with a conical shape designed to produce drinkable water by distilling saline water under
appropriate conditions. Since the performance of these solar distillation systems depends on multiple
parameters, careful optimization is necessary. In this study, the optimization of three key parameters was
carried out using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO): solar radiation, saline water mass, and water inlet
temperature. As a result of the optimization, potable water production of 1.81780 kg/m² with 63.51%
efficiency was achieved under the conditions of 1000 W/m² solar radiation, 3 kg saline water mass, and
30°C water inlet temperature.

İşverenlerin Stajyer Öğrencilerden Beklentileri

Mehmet ÇOLAK — 2025-02-28

Geçtiğimiz dönemlerde işletmeler stajyer öğrenci seçerken birden fazla kriteri dikkate alırlardı. Artan
işgücü ve işletmede istihdam edecek işçi bulmakta zorluk yaşamaları neticesinde artık öğrenci seçerken
bazı kriterleri göz ardı etmeye çalışmaktadır. Bundan dolayı artık öğrencilerde staj yapacağı işletmenin
sağlayabileceği imkanlar ve seçmiş olduğu alanın hangi koşullarında geliştirmek istemesine göre işletme
tercihini yapmaktadır. Bu çalışma sonunda işletmeler uyum içerisinde çalışabileceği ve teknik alt yapıya
sahip stajyer öğrenciler ararken, stajyer öğrencilerde güncel teknolojiyi yakalamış ve kurumsal anlamda bir
büyüme gerçekleştirmiş olan işletmelere daha çok tercih etmektedirler.
Sonuç olarak, işletme stajyer seçerken teknik alt yapısı olan ve ekip çalışmasına ayak uydurabilecek
öğrencileri tercih etmektedirler. Öğrencilerde işletmenin sağlayabileceği koşullar, ücret tarifesi ve
kurumsal oluşuna göre tercihini yapmaktadırlar.
Bu çalışma işletmelerde staj yapan 12. sınıf öğrencilerinin işletmelerden beklentileri ve işletmelerin stajyer
öğrencilerinden karşılıklı olarak beklentileri üzerine bir çalışma sunmaktadır.

Yapay Zekâ Teknikleri ile Sürücü Yorgunluk Tespit Sistemi

Taner KAVAKLI — 2025-02-28

Sürücü yorgunluğu, dünya genelinde trafik kazalarına neden olan kritik bir faktördür ve
araştırmalar, yorgunluk kaynaklı kazaların diğer nedenlere kıyasla daha yüksek ölüm oranlarına yol
açtığını göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, sürücülerin fizyolojik verilerini kullanarak yorgunluklarını tespit
eden yenilikçi ve müdahalesiz bir sistem önerilmektedir. Sistem, direksiyon simidine entegre edilmiş bir
Fotopletismografi (PPG) sensörü ile nabız takibini sağlarken, kızılötesi sensör aracılığıyla burun
sıcaklığındaki değişimleri ölçerek sürücünün solunum hızını tahmin etmektedir. Elde edilen bu biyolojik
veriler, bulanık mantık tabanlı yapay zeka algoritmaları ile işlenerek sürücünün yorgunluk seviyesi gerçek
zamanlı olarak belirlenmektedir.
Önerilen sistem, uykusuzluk, dikkatsizlik ve otoyol hipnozu gibi yorgunluk kaynaklı kazaların temel
nedenlerini ele alarak sürücülere erken uyarılar sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Geleneksel yorgunluk tespit
sistemleri genellikle sürücü davranışlarına veya araç hareket modellerine dayanırken, bu çalışmada
sürücüye özgü biyolojik sinyaller ile araç tabanlı veriler birleştirilerek daha yüksek doğruluk
sağlanmaktadır. Deneysel sonuçlar, çok kaynaklı veri entegrasyonunun tespit doğruluğunu artırdığını ve
sistemin gerçek dünya uygulamaları için yüksek güvenilirlik sunduğunu göstermektedir.
Bu araştırma, akıllı ulaşım sistemleri alanına katkıda bulunarak, modern araçlara entegre edilebilecek
gelişmiş bir yorgunluk tespit mekanizması sunmaktadır. Bulgular, biyometrik sensörlerin yapay zeka
destekli analizlerle birleştirilmesinin yorgunluk kaynaklı kazaların riskini önemli ölçüde azaltabileceğini
ve yol güvenliğini artırabileceğini göstermektedir. Gelecek çalışmalar, sistemin farklı sürüş koşullarına
adaptasyonunun iyileştirilmesi ve daha gelişmiş makine öğrenimi tekniklerinin entegrasyonu üzerine
odaklanacaktır.

Öteleme Yüzeylerinde Dalgalanma Etkisi

Gülden ALTAY SUROĞLU — 2025-02-28

Öteleme yüzeyleri, diferansiyel geometri alanında yaygın olarak incelenmekte olup fizik,
mühendislik ve bilgisayar grafikleri gibi çeşitli alanlarda uygulamalara sahiptir. Klasik öteleme yüzeyleri
iki bağımsız fonksiyonun toplamı olarak tanımlanırken, sinüzoidal dalgalanmaların eklenmesi yüzeyin
geometrik özelliklerini değiştirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, öteleme yüzeylerini oluşturan eğrilere sinüzoidal
fonksiyonlar eklenerek ortaya çıkan dalgalanmaların yüzeyin ortalama eğrilik ve Gauss eğriliği
üzerindeki etkileri analiz edilmiş, sayısal simülasyonları yapılmıştır.

Modeling of a Hydraulic System Using the Takagi-Sugeno Model and Parametric Optimization with the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm

Kamel MERAHI — 2025-02-28

Process industries have long faced the challenge of liquid level control. The performance of a
control system largely depends on the accuracy of the mathematical model used to predict its dynamic
behavior. This paper presents the development of a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model for a coupled-tank
system, based on a linearization technique. Furthermore, the Marquardt-Levenberg optimization
algorithm was employed to identify the parameters of the Takagi-Sugeno model. Finally, a comparison
between the nonlinear model and the identified model was conducted, demonstrating satisfactory results.

Optimization of Image Super-Resolution through Artificial Neural Networks and Cloud Implementation

Eda Tabaku — 2025-02-28

This paper presents an optimized Super-Resolution model that enhances image upscaling
through the use of artificial neural networks and cutting-edge processing techniques. The model focuses
on reducing inference time via compression methods like quantization and pruning. Additionally, a web
application has been developed to facilitate easy interaction with users.
The study evaluates several deep learning architectures, including SRCNN, EDSR, and RRDB, using a
training set of over 4,000 images. These images are processed on an Nvidia GTX 1650 GPU to fine-tune
parameters and improve performance. The model's effectiveness is tested with upscaling factors of x2, x3,
and x4, focusing on the quality of the details recovered and the efficiency of the execution. For practical
deployment and scalability, the system is hosted on a cloud platform utilizing technologies like
TensorFlow, Keras, and Flask. The corresponding web application enables users to upload images,
choose upscaling parameters, and retrieve enhanced results within a response time of 300 milliseconds or
less.
The results demonstrate that the combination of model optimization and cloud deployment offers an
effective solution for real-time image enhancement. This approach has potential applications in photo
processing, medical visualization, and recovery of low-resolution visual data, proving its versatility and
utility in various fields.

Okul Müdürlerinin İletişim Yeterliklerine İlişkin Öğretmen Görüşleri

Erdem Ayanoğlu — 2025-02-28

Okul müdürlerinin sahip oldukları iletişim yeterliklerine ilişkin öğretmenlerin görüşlerini
belirlemek amacıyla yapılan bu araştırma, nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modelinde
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Sakarya ilinde bulunan resmi okulöncesi, ilkokul, ortaokul
ve liselerde görev yapan öğretmenler arasından basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen toplam
836 öğretmen oluşturmuştur. Araştırmadan elde edilen verilerin analizinde aritmetik ortalama, standart
sapma, minimum ve maksimum değerler kullanılmıştır. Bu değerlerin tespitiyle okul müdürlerinin
iletişim yeterliklerine ilişkin öğretmenlerin algılarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde
edilen bulgulara göre öğretmen görüşlerine göre okul müdürlerinin sahip oldukları iletişim yeterlik
düzeylerinin düşük düzeyde; yine anlama-empati kurabilme ve destekleme yeterlik düzeylerinin düşük
düzeyde; sosyal rahatlık sağlama yeterlik düzeylerinin ise orta düzeyde olduğu sonuçlarına varılmıştır.
Eğitim örgütlerinin lideri konumunda olan okul müdürlerinin iletişim yeterlikleri örgüt içi iletişim ağı
kurulması, örgüt içi ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi, olumlu okul ikliminin oluşturulması/devam ettirilmesi ve
okul etkililiği için kritik bir role sahiptir. Okul müdürlerinin etkili iletişim yeterliklerine ilişkin tutum ve
davranış geliştirmelerine yönelik eğitim programları hazırlanabilir. Okul müdürlerinin iletişim
yeterliklerine ilişkin derinlemesine incelenmesine imkân verecek nitel araştırmalar yapılması önerilir.

Dielectric-Filled Circular Waveguide Design for Localized 2.45 GHz Microwave Corn Drying

Caner MURAT — 2025-02-28

This study presents an optimized microwave dryer design for industrial food drying
applications, operating at the target frequency of 2.45 GHz. By integrating a short-circuited circular
waveguide filled with dielectric materials (porcelain, ε=6), the design achieves localized microwave
energy delivery, addressing key challenges of conventional systems such as energy loss and uneven
heating. Numerical simulations using Finite Element Method demonstrated a resonant frequency of 2.451
GHz with a reflection coefficient of -29.7 dB, indicating minimal power reflection (<0.1%) and near
optimal impedance matching. Electromagnetic field analysis revealed concentrated energy distribution,
with electric field strengths exceeding 1000 V/m near the microwave source and ~100 V/m across the
corn surface (ε=55.57), ensuring efficient moisture removal while mitigating overheating risks. The
geometry, optimized for aluminum (σ=3.56×10⁷ S/m) and copper (σ=5.8×10⁷ S/m) components, enables
focused forward field propagation, validated by vertical energy localization in the drying chamber.
Despite minor non-uniformities, the system outperforms traditional designs by balancing high-efficiency
power transfer (via N-type connector) and material-specific adaptability. These results highlight the
potential of the proposed waveguide structure as a scalable solution for rapid, energy-efficient food
drying, providing a foundation for further refinements in cavity geometry and dielectric-material
interactions to enhance processing uniformity.

The Importance of The Turkish Straits and The Montreux Convention Regarding The Russia and Ukraine War

Hassan Abdisalam — 2025-02-28

The article aims to underline the important Turkish straits and the Montreaux Convention in the
contextual analysis of the Russia-Ukraine war. The paper provides a historical and geopolitical analysis of
the Turkish Straits, underlining their importance as the critical maritime passage. Further, the country's
adherence to the Montreux Convention, the effect this has had on the maritime security situation in the
Black Sea, and the greater geopolitical dynamics between NATO, Russia, and Ukraine will be discussed.
It further analyzes the implications of Russian military and maritime doctrines in the Black Sea region, with
regard to the policies and developments of Turkey that might be conceptualized on the basis of the results
of regional security concerns. Based on recent empirical data, scholarly research, and a critical review of
the existing literature, the present research aims to provide an analytical view of the importance of the
Turkish Straits in view of the ongoing conflict.

Impact of Different Feeding Methods on Honey Composition and Bee Health in Northern Iraq

Mohammed Sadeeq Ramadhan — 2025-03-01

Honeybee nutrition is essential for maintaining colony health, enhancing honey quality, and ensuring ecological stability. This study explores the effects of different feeding methods, including natural floral sources, fruit-based nutrition, and artificial sugar syrups, on the physicochemical composition of honey in the northern region of Iraq. The research compares ‘fruit honey’ produced by bees fed 1 kg of watermelon, sugar syrup, and candy, as well as naturally sourced honey. Physicochemical analyses, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), refractive index, viscosity, microscopic imaging, pH, and density measurements, were conducted to assess honey quality. The results indicate that feeding practices significantly influence honey composition, affecting sugar content, viscosity, acidity, and bioactive compound levels. Unlike bees solely reliant on sugar solutions often exhibiting reduced lifespans, weakened immunity, and increased inflammation those supplementing their diets with fruit juices demonstrate improved colony health and honey quality. This study highlights the importance of natural and fruit-based nutrition as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to artificial feeding. Promoting these practices can enhance bee health, support colony growth, and ensure the economic viability of beekeeping while maintaining ecosystem stability by preventing hive abandonment and pollination disruptions.

Development and Evaluation of Lightweight and Floating Concrete Using Pumice Stones and EPS Beads: A Comparative Study

Maria Aamir — 2025-03-01

The advancement in employing Light Weight Concrete (LWC) for structural and non-structural purposes have enhanced in the recent decades. However, there are reservations when it comes to comparing material cost with load bearing capacity. This study deals with the development of lightweight concrete using inexpensive lightweight aggregate namely as Pumice Stones and EPS Beads. Lightweight aggregate plays a crucial role in construction by reducing the dead weight of the structures, improving thermal insulation and durability in harsh conditions by using light weight components. In this study, EPS beads are utilized to lessen the density of concrete and increase buoyancy, enabling it to float, though lowering its compressive strength while simultaneously recording its effect on strength and density. This analysis will help practitioners gain deeper understanding to improve their mix design to suit specific purposes.