International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches

Investigation of the Properties of Recycled PET Materials

Zehra Gülten Yalçın — 2025-07-11

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) waste has started to reveal serious economic and
environmental problems. Environmental and economic factors, as well as energy saving problems, have
led to the need for large-scale recycling of pet, it has ceased to be just a trend or a new marketing strategy
to make a profit. Products made from recycled plastic can save capital by 50-60% compared to buying
the same product from pure resin.
This study aims to characterize the physical and thermal properties of recycled polyethylene terephthalate
(PET) materials. Color determination, specific gravity measurements, and thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA) were conducted based on two parallel experimental procedures.
Color analysis revealed that the recycled PET flakes exhibited light tones with a slight blue-green hue.
According to the CIE Lab* color space, the L*, a*, and b* values were determined to be 61.12, -2.24, and -6.68, respectively. Specific gravity measurements indicated that the density of the samples ranged
between 1.35 and 1.40 g/cm³, suggesting that the recycled PET retains properties comparable to virgin
PET and is suitable for reuse. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a mass loss of up to 89% between
approximately 200 °C and 490 °C, indicating a single-stage degradation profile with the maximum
decomposition rate occurring around 430 °C. An endothermic reaction was observed within this
temperature range on the corresponding DTA curve.
In conclusion, this study provides significant data that support the reuse potential of recycled PET in
various industrial applications by assessing its colorimetric, density, and thermal characteristics.

Flor Toksikasyonunda Vitamin D Kullanımının Önemi

Semiha DEDE — 2025-07-11

Florozis olarak adlandırılan flor toksikasyonu, uygun beslenme stratejileri, erken tanı ve etkili
önleyici sağlık politikaları ile büyük ölçüde önlenebilir ve yönetilebilir bir halk sağlığı sorunudur.
Bununla birlikte, florozise bağlı gelişebilecek sistemik komplikasyonların izlenmesi ve tedavisinde yeni
yaklaşımların benimsenmesi, uzun vadede önem taşımaktadır. Son yıllarda, vitamin D'nin kemik sağlığı
üzerindeki
düzenleyici etkilerinin yanı sıra bağışıklık sistemi, inflamasyon ve mineral
metabolizmasındaki rolleri, flor toksikasyonunun patofizyolojisinde de önemli olabileceğini
düşündürmektedir. Bu bağlamda, florozis yönetiminde vitamin D'nin potansiyel koruyucu ve terapötik
etkilerinin araştırılması dikkat çekici bir alan haline gelmiştir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, flor
toksikasyonunun fizyopatolojisi, klinik yansımaları ve özellikle vitamin D eksikliği ile olası etkileşimleri
ele alınarak, bu alandaki mevcut literatür değerlendirilmiş ve gelecekteki araştırmalar için öneriler
sunulmuştur.

Gene Expression of the MLH1 gene is regulated by non-coding RNA in patients with lung cancer

Mohammed S. Khudher — 2025-07-12

Lung cancer is a common cancer worldwide and can occur due to various causes, one of which is
the MMR mismatch repair system. This system repairs mismatched nucleotides in the DNA strand during
replication. MLH1, a key gene in the MMR system, is essential in repairing mutations in lung cancer
patients. Certain non-coding RNA genes, such as snoRNA and FOXD2-AS1, can regulate the expression of
this gene. These non-coding RNAs influence MLH1 gene expression in lung cancer patients. The
examination targeted at detecting the impact of miRNA and non-coding RNA on MLH1 gene expression
rates in lung cancer patients situated within Dohuk City. The study included 70 patients aged between 45 and
65 from September to October 2024, referred to AZADI Hospital. The sample was divided into two groups:
one included 55 lung cancer patients, another group included 15 individuals and was considered the control
group. A total of 5 ml of blood was drawn from each patient and segmented into two parts. The first part was
put in EDTA for DNA extraction, while the second part was placed in a Trizol tube for mRNA and non
coding RNA extraction. The study consisted of two stages: first, detecting the level of MLH1 gene
expression; second, assessing the level of non-coding RNA influencing gene activity. The results showed that
the MLH1 gene expression value was 0.38, while the gene expression values for non-coding RNAs were 4.4
for snoRNA and 4.2 for FOXD2-AS1.

URL Özelliklerine Dayalı Phishing Web Sitesi Tespiti: Klasik Makine Öğrenmesi Yaklaşımlarıyla Karşılaştırmalı Analiz

Süleyman Özdemir — 2025-07-12

Bu çalışma, URL tabanlı özellikler kullanılarak phishing (oltalama) web sitelerinin tespitinde
klasik makine öğrenmesi algoritmalarının karşılaştırmalı analizini sunmaktadır. Phishing saldırıları,
kullanıcıları sahte bağlantılar aracılığıyla kandırarak kişisel ve finansal bilgilerini ele geçirmeyi
hedefleyen yaygın siber tehditler arasında yer almaktadır. URL’lerin yapısal ve içeriksel öznitelikleri, bu
tür saldırıların tespitinde önemli göstergeler sunmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, çalışmada Lojistik Regresyon
(LR), Destek Vektör Makineleri (SVM), Karar Ağaçları (Decision Tree), k-En Yakın Komşu (KNN) ve
Rastgele Orman (Random Forest) algoritmaları kullanılarak kapsamlı bir karşılaştırmalı analiz
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Model eğitimi ve test süreçleri, UCI Phishing Websites veri kümesi üzerinde
yürütülmüş; hiperparametre optimizasyonu ise grid search yöntemiyle yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar,
özellikle Rastgele Orman modelinin tüm performans metriklerinde öne çıktığını ve klasik makine
öğrenmesi algoritmalarının düşük kaynak gereksinimiyle yüksek doğruluk seviyelerine ulaşabildiğini
ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular, kaynak kısıtlı ortamlarda phishing tespiti için klasik yöntemlerin etkili ve
uygulanabilir bir alternatif sunduğunu göstermektedir.

Assessment of gluten and lactose intolerance using the cytotoxic test: prevalence and their association

Griselda Korçari — 2025-07-12

Introduction: Food intolerances—particularly gluten and lactose intolerance—have shown a
notable increase in prevalence across Western countries. These conditions can cause a wide range of
gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms, significantly impacting patients’ quality of life. Accurate
diagnosis is essential to prevent chronic complications and ensure effective dietary management.
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess gluten and lactose intolerance in symptomatic patients using
the Cytotoxic Test, and to explore the possible association between these two intolerances based on gender
and age distribution.
Materials and Methods: A total of 45 symptomatic patients (23 females and 22 males) were evaluated
between March and June 2024. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for leukocyte cytotoxic
response to gluten and lactose antigens. Results were classified into four categories: gluten intolerance,
lactose intolerance, dual intolerance, and negative.
Results Out of 45 patients, 33.3% tested positive for gluten intolerance, 42.2% for lactose intolerance, and
13.3% for both. Only 11.1% tested negative for either intolerance. Statistical analysis showed a significant
association between the two intolerances (OR = 3.125; 95% CI: 1.488–6.563), suggesting that gluten
induced mucosal damage may contribute to reduced lactase activity and secondary lactose intolerance.
Conclusion The Cytotoxic Test appears to be a promising non-invasive diagnostic tool that offers
individualized insights into food intolerance. Comprehensive screening for dual intolerance in symptomatic
individuals may improve treatment outcomes and patient well-being. Larger-scale studies and
methodological standardization are needed to validate these preliminary findings.

Functional Analysis of Sportswear Materials from Natural and Regenerated Cellulose Yarns

Ivana Salopek Čubrić — 2025-07-12

The knitted sportswear market is rapidly evolving due to technological advancements and
changing consumer demands for comfort, performance, and style. This study compares materials made
from natural cotton and regenerated cellulose fibres (viscose and modal) to identify suitable alternatives to
polyester. In the experimental part of the study, a number of material properties was evaluated, more
precisely, thickness, porosity, bending rigidity, breaking force and elongation, abrasion resistance,
compressibility, heat resistance, water vapour transfer and wetting time. The normalized values of
investigated properties underscored the unique advantages of each material type - viscose material
performed best in strength and heat-related properties, cotton material provided a well-rounded balance,
and modal material comfort-related properties. Therefore, the choice of material should align with whether
the application prioritizes durability, versatility, or comfort. The conducted PCA analysis confirmed distinct
differences between viscose and modal materials, with cotton positioned between them.

Exploring the Relationship Between Structural Functionalization and Sensory Attributes of Knitted Polyester Sportswear Fabrics

Goran Čubrić — 2025-07-12

This study investigates the physical and perceptual characteristics of five knitted polyester
materials by combining objective measurements and subjective evaluations. The materials were analysed
for thickness, surface roughness, and elasticity using precise instruments, while subjective tactile
assessments were collected from 40 examiners (20 men and 20 women) who rated three bipolar attributes:
thickness, stretchability, and surface roughness. Objective results showed significant variability among the
samples, with thickness ranging from 0.36 to 0.59 mm, roughness (Ra) from 7.98 to 16.61 µm, and elasticity
from 139% to 212%. Subjective ratings generally corresponded well with the objective data, indicating
participants’ ability to perceive differences in material properties. Minor discrepancies and gender-based
variations were observed but did not substantially affect the overall trends. The findings highlight the value
of integrating subjective tactile perception with objective testing to comprehensively characterize textile
materials.

Yatan Hastalarda Sessiz Tehlike - Bası Ülseri Riskine Karşı Proaktif İzleme: Çok Parametreli Sensör Entegrasyonuyla Geliştirilen IoT Destekli Akıllı Yatak ile Gerçek Zamanlı İzleme ve Uyarı Sistemi

Fatma Nur Sipahi — 2025-07-12

Bu çalışma, bası ülserlerinin erken teşhisi ve etkili yönetimi amacıyla geliştirilen çok parametreli
bir akıllı yatak sisteminin tasarımını kapsamaktadır. Kronik yara türlerinden biri olan bası ülserleri,
hareketsiz bireylerde sıklıkla gözlenen, iyileşmesi güç ve yüksek tedavi maliyeti gerektiren ciddi sağlık
sorunları arasında yer almaktadır. Bu bağlamda geliştirilen sistem; sıcaklık, nem, basınç ve pH gibi yara
mikroçevresine ilişkin parametreleri sürekli izleyebilen sensörler ile donatılmıştır. Ayrıca, GSM modülü
üzerinden kritik eşik değerlerinde otomatik SMS/arama yoluyla uyarı gönderebilen bir alarm
mekanizması entegre edilmiştir. İzleme algoritmaları, yara oluşumunu tetikleyen fizyolojik değişimlere
erken yanıt verecek şekilde yapılandırılmıştır. Tasarımın, yalnızca hastane ortamlarında değil, evde bakım
uygulamalarında da etkili biçimde kullanılabileceği öngörülmektedir. Bu yenilikçi yaklaşım; yara
iyileşme sürecinde etkin izleme, hasta konforunun artırılması ve sağlık profesyonellerine karar desteği
sağlanması açısından önemli katkılar sunmaktadır.

Kişisel İngilizce Veri Tabanı - WordMasterDB

Emre KANDAZOĞLU — 2025-07-12

Bu çalışmada, ana dili Türkçe olan bireylerin İngilizce kelime öğrenme süreçlerini desteklemek
amacıyla geliştirilen “Kişisel İngilizce Veri Tabanı - WordMasterDB” adlı web tabanlı uygulama
tanıtılmaktadır. WordMasterDB, kullanıcıların Türkçe kelimeleri girerek bu kelimelerin İngilizce
karşılıklarını, türlerini (isim, sıfat, fiil vb.), anlamlarını ve örnek cümlelerini görüntülemesine olanak tanır.
Ayrıca, kelimelerin doğru telaffuzları sesli olarak dinlenebilmekte ve YouGlish entegrasyonu ile
kelimelerin geçtiği İngilizce YouTube videolarına erişim sağlanmaktadır. Kullanıcılar, kelimeleri önceden
belirledikleri kategorilerle ilişkilendirip kişisel kelime listeleri oluşturabilir; sistemdeki kelimeleri
listelerine ekleyebilir veya yeni kelimeler ekleyerek katkıda bulunabilir. Her kullanıcı yalnızca kendi
kelimelerine erişerek kişiselleştirilmiş bir deneyim yaşar. Ayrıca uygulamada yer alan quiz modülü
sayesinde, kullanıcılar kendi kelimeleriyle hazırlanan çoktan seçmeli testler ve kartlarla tekrar yaparak
kelime bilgilerini pekiştirebilir. Bu sistem, dil öğrenme sürecini düzenli, etkileşimli ve kullanıcı odaklı hale
getirerek bireylerin yabancı dil gelişimine önemli katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Respiratory Disease Classification from Cough Sounds Using Pre-trained Audio Embeddings and Embedded Feature Fusion: A Comparative Study of YAMNet and VGGish

Ayşen Özün Türkçetin — 2025-07-12

Cough is a primary symptom associated with a variety of respiratory conditions, including
asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia. This study conducts a
comparative analysis of pre-trained audio embedding models for classifying these conditions from cough
sounds, with a focus on robust evaluation for a small and imbalanced clinical dataset. We systematically
evaluated three feature sets: YAMNet embeddings, VGGish embeddings, and a fusion of both. These
features were used to train five different classifiers, including classical machine learning models and a
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Given the class imbalance in our dataset, we prioritized the patient
level 2-fold cross-validation Macro F1-Score as the primary metric for assessing generalization
performance. Our findings demonstrate that the fusion of YAMNet and VGGish embeddings, when
processed by a custom CNN architecture, yields the highest performance, achieving a mean cross-validation
Macro F1-Score of 0.612. This result surpassed the performance of models using single embedding types
and other classical classifiers. These findings underscore that combining complementary audio
representations through feature fusion creates a highly discriminative feature space, and a CNN is
particularly effective at leveraging this space for robust classification. This approach presents a promising,
non-invasive screening tool for respiratory diseases, suitable for telemedicine and mobile health
applications.

Sequence Analysis of TP53 Suppressor Gene in Women with Breast Cancer in Mosul City

Mohammad A. Hameed — 2025-07-12

Mutations in the TP53 gene, which often result in P53 protein dysfunction, are associated with
more than 75% of malignancies. DNA damage and hypoxia activate TP53, a protein that facilitates DNA
repair and regulates cellular aging and apoptosis. These elements play a vital role in tumor suppression
and also alter cellular responses associated with cell cycle regulation. During September and November
2021, 96 recommendations were issued for female patients aged 35–45 at Mosul's Alternative Nuclear
Medicine and Oncology Hospital. One cohort comprised 25 healthy women, while the other encompassed
71 women diagnosed with breast cancer. This work employed DNA sequencing technology with various
physiological parameters and blood components to detect TP53 polymorphisms at codon 249 in exon 7
and (rs1042522) in exon 4, as well as the nucleotide sequences of the amplified areas. For instance, the
levels of hemoglobin, urea, creatinine, erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes. Sequencing study of the
gene's enlarged exons revealed that exons 3, 4, and 6 exhibited varying nucleotide quantities, but exon 5
remained constant. Additionally, a distinctive TP53 genotype with the GeneBank code LC682536.1 was
identified at the NCBI global gene site in Mosul. A novel P53 tumor suppressor protein phenotype was
found in Mosul, with the GenBank accession number BDF83325.1. The research indicated that urea
concentrations in patients were 38.2 mg/dl, and the CA15-3 ratio was 23 U/ml when comparing patients
to healthy controls. The results indicate that, in comparison to healthy controls, breast cancer patients had
significantly lower levels of urea, creatinine, and CA15-3 in their blood plasma. The present investigation
revealed a substantial reduction in the total counts of white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and
hemoglobin levels in the blood of breast cancer patients.

Synthesis and characterization of carbon quantum dots with different methods using biomass and food sources: Determination of surface properties and particle diameters

Veli ŞİMŞEK — 2025-07-12

Nowadays, carbon quantum dots (CQD), a member of the nanoparticle family, are gaining
popularity due to their advantageous optical and energy properties. It is vital for the continued
sustainability of the environment that the chemicals and processes used in the synthesis of such materials
are eco- friendly. The aim of the research will be to synthesize biocompatible CQDs from various waste
biomass sources that are carbon sources using green chemistry hydrothermal and solvent thermal
methods, as well as to develop and modify surface properties. First, CQDs were synthesized from various
biocompatible biomass sources using green chemical hydrothermal and solvothermal methods. The UV
VIS, FT-IR, SEM/EDX, MAPPING, ZETA sizer and fluorescent microscope analysis methods were used
to examine the structural properties of the obtained CQDs. In addition, the color spectra of the dispersion
samples were determined using a UV-Lamp. According to the obtained UV-VIS analysis results, it was
determined that CQDs absorb light at 284nm. Although CQDs are transparent and yellow under daylight,
they have been observed to emit a particularly bright blue fluorescence under UV light (365nm). Blue
fluorescence spectrums in the literature indicate the presence of CQDs between 2 and 5 nm.

The Application of Marketing Concept Within Financial and Banking Companies of Developing Countries: Evidence from Albania and Kosovo

Dr. Bajram R. Hasani — 2025-07-12

This paper investigates marketing concept application in financial institutions and banks in Albania
and Kosovo. The total population is defined according to the profitability criteria, whereby the stratified
sample of 55 insurance companies, microfinance companies and banks was applied. These have achieved the
highest level of profit (earnings after tax) in Albania and Kosovo during 2013- 2023.
The research is aimed at gathering primary data by the questionnaire sent via mail. The questionnaire
includes questions about two essential areas of research:
❖ The degree of acceptance of the market orientation, determined on the basis of 25 structured
questions;
❖ Factors of adoption of market orientation in transitional economies researched through 20 structured
questions about impact of internal and external factors.
Profit is a measure of value which firm has created for the customer and indicator of how well the enterprise
has understood customer needs and translated the understanding into products and services that deliver
superior value.
This research, which includes the explanation of methodology and the conclusion, comprises two significant
sections. In the first section, significance of marketing concept application in Albania and Kosovo economy
is reviewed briefly from the theoretical point of view. The second section tends to be wider and more
significant. It examines the peculation of adoption and application of marketing concept in economy of
Albania and Kosovo in transition on the basis of analysis of empirical research.

The Application of Relationship Marketing in Insurance Businesses in Developing Countries. Evidence from Albania and Kosovo. Barriers and Challenges

Dr. (C) Bledi BEZO — 2025-07-12

In recent times, managers have increasingly recognized the strategic importance of retaining
existing customers as a vital determinant of organizational competitiveness and long-term sustainability.
The benefits of cultivating a loyal customer base such as reduced churn, increased profitability, and stronger
brand advocacy - are well established in marketing literature. Customer loyalty is largely built upon the
quality and continuity of the relationship between the customer and the organization.
The deeper and more sustained this relationship is the greater the mutual value it generates.
This study aims to emphasize the importance of relationship marketing management in the context of the
insurance sector in Albania and Kosovo, with a specific focus on how Customer Relationship Management
(CRM) practices influence customer satisfaction and behavioral loyalty. Using a quantitative research
design, data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to customers and employees
from selected insurance companies in both countries. A purposive sampling method was employed to
ensure the inclusion of respondents with direct experience in insurance services, while a sample of over
400 respondents (300 customers and 100 employees} was analyzed using SPSS version 25.
The study employed the Friedman test to evaluate the significance of differences in customer awareness
across various CRM practices, and a Neural Network Model to predict customer satisfaction based on
demographic and behavioral factors. The Friedman test results revealed that CRM attributes are not
perceived equally; the most influential factor in customer awareness was identified as “CRM enhances
customer loyalty.”
These findings suggest that successful CRM implementation in the insurance sector depends not only on
technological tools but also on human interaction, service accessibility, and a personalized approach to
client engagement. Therefore, insurance companies in Albania and Kosovo are recommended to invest in
customer-centric CRM strategies, staff training, and targeted communication campaigns that enhance
awareness and trust among customers.

Climate-Sensitive Modeling of Radon Risk in Shkoder, Albania: A Bayesian Hierarchical Approach

Gjon Rrota — 2025-07-12

This study presents a climate-integrated probabilistic framework for assessing radon exposure
risks in northern Albania using Bayesian hierarchical modeling. Drawing from radon survey data and
ERA5-Land climate reanalysis spanning 1974 to 2023, we explore how regional temperature, precipitation,
and soil moisture variability influence radon emissions. Under high-emissions climate projections (SSP5
8.5), the probability of radon concentrations exceeding 300 Bq/m³ is expected to increase by approximately
28% by mid-century, driven primarily by declining precipitation and rising temperatures. These findings
provide evidence to support targeted radon mitigation strategies in climate-vulnerable zones.

School canteens and the reduction of school dropout in Romania at the end of the 19th century

Cristina Gudin — 2025-07-12

The modernization of education in Romania was provided for in the Public Instruction Law of 1864,
as well as in other laws that complemented it. Starting in 1864, elementary education in Romania became free
and compulsory to increase the literacy rate among the population.
However, it was found that the population was refractory to education, and material and human difficulties
prevented the materialization of the two aforementioned principles. As such, it is not surprising that many
school-age children did not attend classes at all, or if they did, they attended them occasionally. It is also not
surprising that the dropout rate was high, especially in the first two years of study.
Therefore, measures have been experimented with to reduce school dropout and improve children's enrollment
and attendance at school.
Among these was the establishment in the last decade of the 19th century of school canteens. These allowed
students to have lunch at school, without having to return home for this purpose. The article analyzes the
context, necessity, and organization of school canteens. At the same time, the problems that arose in the
functioning of the canteens and the extent to which they achieved their objective will be highlighted.
School canteens were a suitable measure, even if they did not produce the expected results. The necessity and
opportunity of the measure remained, as confirmed by the introduction in 2002 of the corn and milk program
for primary and secondary school students.

The role of epigenetic in cancer cases

Mohammad A. Hameed — 2025-07-12

Epigenetics is an emerging field of biology that concerns the elements that control gene
expression, but do not change the DNA sequence. This topic was selected because of its relevance in
several biological processes and diseases such as cancer [1]. Which of our genes and gene regulator
regions are and are not turned on (or off) is, in no small measure due to changes (epigenetic ones) to the
DNA such as DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA activity [2,3]. In contrast to
genetic mutations, which change the underlying DNA code permanently, reproducible, reversible
modifications due to epigenetics can be appealing targets for therapeutics [3].
Cancer is fiendishly complex and hard to understand and treat. It would be in relation with the positive of
proliferation and dissemination of tumoral cells. Although the gene mutations have been considered as
the predominant force driving cancer, the emerging insights on epigenetics have shown that the
epigenetic alterations take center stage during cancer initiation and progression [4]. These changes may
play on the cancer initiation and progression by way of activating oncogenes, inactivating tumor
suppressor genes, promoting the tumor microenvironment, etc [5]. Epigenetic modifications and changes
in epigenetic patterns need to further be understood to work on the novel diagnosis tools, prognosis and
personal medications as well so for the better patient survival [6,7].

Evaluation of the role of miR-424 in patients with prostate cancer

Ahmed R. Hussein — 2025-07-12

The prostate is a vital accessory organ in the male reproductive system, essential for producing secretions that promote sperm health. Positioned beneath the bladder [0.5p], prostate cancer is one of the five most common cancers among men and is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer globally, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2024 [P1]. In 2020, there were 1,414,000 new cases of prostate cancer, resulting in 375,304 deaths. Epigenetics examines heritable changes in gene expression that occur without modifying the DNA sequence itself (22). Epigenetic modifications include alterations in chromatin composition and structure, irregular DNA methylation patterns, disrupted histone posttranslational modification (PTM) patterns, and the regulation of non-coding RNA (23,24). miRNAs are an essential group of short noncoding RNAs, approximately 22 nucleotides (22 nt) in length, that negatively regulate gene expression at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level. These molecules also play a vital role in regulating essential biological processes such as cell division and growth proliferation (45-46). This study aims to investigate the role of non-coding RNA miR-424 in patients with prostate cancer, as well as in a control group. Sixty blood samples from individuals aged 45-60 years were collected from general hospitals, which included 40 prostate cancer patients and 20 healthy controls. Blood samples were used for DNA and RNA extraction. The NanoDrop device was used to measure the purity of miR-424, and the gene expression data were analyzed using Q-PCR.

AI-Powered Digital Mobility Solutions for Sustainable Urban Transport

Esma UZUNHİSARCIKLI — 2025-07-21

Transportation has emerged as a fundamental component of contemporary urban life, and its
digital transformation is rapidly advancing through the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)
technologies. The incorporation of AI into transportation systems presents valuable opportunities to
enhance travel efficiency, reliability, and environmental sustainability. This paper introduces a
comprehensive model aimed at the digitalization of transportation in the city of Yozgat, Turkey, by
employing AI to improve and modernize the existing transit infrastructure. Yozgat currently relies on a
transportation network composed of public buses, an intercity bus terminal, and a high-speed train station.
However, several challenges have been identified, including irregular and unpredictable bus schedules,
the lack of micro-mobility options, and limited taxi availability. To address these shortcomings, the
proposed model integrates AI-driven technologies to develop a more efficient, accessible, and user
friendly transportation system. The model includes real-time tracking and intelligent route optimization
for public buses, the introduction of shared electric scooters and bike rental stations to diversify urban
mobility options, and the development of a unified mobile application that connects intercity and local
transit services, including the high-speed train station. Furthermore, AI algorithms are employed to
analyse traffic conditions and user behaviour in order to recommend the most efficient travel routes. A
consolidated digital payment platform is also introduced to streamline fare payments across all modes of
transportation. This model aims to improve the overall efficiency and coordination of Yozgat’s
transportation system while encouraging the adoption of environmentally sustainable mobility practices.
The study demonstrates that AI-powered transportation digitalization offers a viable and scalable solution
for enhancing urban mobility in medium-sized cities.

Biyofilik Tasarım Kapsamında Konut İç Mekân Tasarım Örneklerinin İrdelenmesi

Çiğdem Belgin Dikmen — 2025-07-21

İnsanoğlu varoluşundan günümüze doğadan etkilenmekte, eylemlerini ve yaşamını doğaya göre
biçimlendirmekte, doğadan öğrendiği bilgileri yaşamına uyarlamakta ve yaşam alanında doğaya gereksinim
duymaktadır. Endüstri Devrimi sonrasında hümanistik ve özgürlükçü düşünce ile akıl, duyu organları ve
gözleme dayalı olarak pek çok mimari yaklaşımın gündeme gelmesini sağlayan üretken ortam; doğa temelli
mimari tasarım yaklaşımların gelişmesine de katkı sağlamıştır. Başlangıçta yapının doğa içerisinde
tasarlanmasını önemseyen yaklaşımlar; süreç içerisinde ekosistem döngülerini taklit eden, kendi kendine
yetebilen sistemlerin oluşturulmasını önemseyen permakültür temelli tasarım, doğayı taklit eden ve doğanın
işleyişinden ilham alarak geliştirilen biyomimikri, doğadaki canlıların yaşam prensibini anlamaya çalışarak
doğal kaynakları korumayı amaçlayan, enerji verimliliği sağlayan ekolojik mimarlık, sürdürülebilir mimarlık
ve insanla çevre arasında bütüncül bir ilişki kurmaya çalışan biyofilik tasarıma dönüşmüştür. Bu çalışma
insanın en temel içgüdülerinden biri olan doğa ile iletişim kurma isteğini dikkate alan biyofilik tasarım
yaklaşımına odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma biyofilik tasarım kapsamında konut iç mekân tasarım örneklerini
irdelemeyi ve konut iç mekân örnekleri üzerinden biyofilik tasarım ve doğanın iyileştirici gücünü vurgulamayı
amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında doğa temelli mimari tasarım yaklaşımları tartışılmış, biyofilik tasarım
ilkelerini dikkate alan konut iç mekân tasarım örnekleri üzerinden doğanın iyileştirici gücüne yönelik
çalışmalara yer verilmiştir.

Harita Okuyarak Bir Şehri Keşfetmek:Kanada/Halifax’da Hazine Avı Deneyimi

Yelda Durgun Şahin — 2025-07-21

Bu çalışma, Kanada’nın Halifax kentinde gerçekleştirilen “geocaching” temelli bir hazine avı deneyimi
üzerinden, harita okuma becerilerinin mekânsal farkındalık ve yerel tarih bilgisiyle nasıl birleştiğini
incelemektedir. GPS teknolojisi ve dijital haritalama sistemleriyle desteklenen bu deneyimde, katılımcılar
belirli koordinatlara yönlendirilmiş ve fiziksel çevreyi aktif biçimde keşfetmeleri sağlanmıştır. Araştırmanın
odağında yer alan rotalar aracılığıyla, kent tarihiyle bütünleşen doğal jeolojik oluşumlar ve kültürel duraklar
üzerinden öğrenme temelli bir gezi deneyimi yaşanmaktadır. Katılımcılardan dijital harita unsurlarını okuması,
rota üzerindeki ipuçlarını çözümlemesi, yön bulma ve mekân çözümleme becerileri ile hedeflenen konuma
ulaşmaları bekelenmektedir. Ayrıca, bu deneyim kentsel alanlarda alternatif bir öğrenme yöntemi ve katılımcı
bir keşif aracı olarak geocaching’in potansiyelini de ortaya koymaktadır. Makale, hazine avı rotalarının,
katılımcılara yalnızca yön bulma becerisi kazandırmakla kalmayıp, yerel tarih ve kültürü yerinde deneyimleme
imkânı sunarak kentin doğal ve yapılı çevresini tanıma şansı vermektedir. Sonuç olarak, harita destekli
oyunların bir kentin tarihini,kültürel değerlerini tanımamıza olanak sağlarken, coğrafi farkındalığı da
güçlendirdiği vurgulanmaktadır.

Prevalence of poltry dermanyssosis in Albania

Pamela Barjami — 2025-07-21

Dermanyssosis, caused by Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) (Acari: Dermanyssidae),
commonly known as the red mite of poultry, represents one of the most significant ectoparasitic threats in
avian species, exerting both direct and indirect pathogenic effects. D. gallinae is an obligate, yet temporary,
hematophagous ectoparasite that primarily affects domestic chickens but can also infest turkeys, ducks, and
various wild birds. Additionally, infestations have been documented in mammals such as dogs and rodents.
Human cases have been reported globally, typically presenting with pruritus and allergic dermatitis. In this
study, 24 samples were collected from various regions across the country, of which 13 (54.17%) tested
positive for dermanyssosis. The ectoparasite load per sample ranged from 30 to over 1,000 parasites.
Infestations were classified as light, moderate, or severe based on parasite density. All samples were stored at -20 °C for further molecular analysis via PCR. This review consolidates critical information on the biology,
epidemiology, and host spectrum of D. gallinae, along with its implications for animal welfare, current
control strategies, and ongoing challenges in management. It aims to provide a comprehensive resource for
poultry producers, veterinarians, and researchers, while outlining priority areas for future scientific
investigation.

Türk Hukuk Tarihinde Mülkiyet Hakkının Tarihsel Gelişimi

Öğr. Gör. Kaan Düzdemir — 2025-07-21

Mülkiyet hakkı şey üzerinde hak sahibine yararlanma, kullanma ve tasarruf etme hakkının bir arada
bahşedildiği hukuki bir kavramdır. Bir şeyin veya eşyanın mülkiyetinin kime ait olması gerektiği meselesi
tarih boyunca tartışılmıştır. Kimi düşünürlere göre mülkiyet hakkı, bireylere ayrı ayrı tanınmamalı tam
aksine topluma bir bütün olarak tanınmalıdır. Kimi düşünürler ise bu anlayışın tam tersini benimsemek
suretiyle, mülkiyet hakkının toplumdan bağımsız olarak bireylere tanınması gerektiğini ileri sürmüşlerdir.
Bu sebeple mülkiyet hakkının niteliği üzerinde fikir birliğine varılamamıştır. Hatta, bu farklılık gerek
ekonomik gerekse de siyasi fikirlere varan farklı düşünce akımlarının oluşmasına yol açmıştır. Türk
tarihinde ise dönemlere göre mülkiyet hakkının ele alınış biçimi farklılık göstermiştir. İslamiyet öncesi
dönemde, mülkiyet hakkı toplumun bir bütün olarak sahip olduğu bir hak olarak değerlendirilmiştir.
İslamiyet kabulü ile, mülkiyetin gerçek sahibinin yaratıcı olan Allah, insanlar ise eşyalar üzerinde bir
vekil sıfatıyla hareket etmesi gerektiği düşüncesi benimsenmiştir. Bu anlayışın istisnası, İslam inancına
göre Allah’ın yeryüzündeki temsilcisi sıfatına haiz olan Padişah açısından geçerlidir. Gerçektende halife
sıfatına haiz olan padişah, mülkiyet hakkını yaratıcının temsilcisi olması hasebiyle dilediği gibi
kullanabilmekteydi. Fransız İhtilali sonrasında ortaya çıkan özgürlükçü düşünce akımı, etkisini Osmanlı
Devleti’nde ’de göstermiştir. Gerçekten de 1839 yılında yayımlanan Tanzimat Fermanı sonrasında,
bireylerin mülkiyet haklarını kullanmaları konusunda önemli gelişmeler meydana gelmiştir. Türk
tarihinin ilk anayasası olan 1876 Kanun-i Esasi de ise bu anlayış daha da güçlenmek suretiyle etkisini
göstermiştir.
Nitekim, Cumhuriyetimiz döneminde yürürlükte olan 1921,1924,1961, 1982
Anayasalarında, mülkiyet hakkının bireylere tanınan bir hak olduğu benimsenmiştir. Kural olarak bireyler
mülkiyet hakkını dilediği gibi kullanabilir. Devlet, yalnızca istisnai durumlarda bireylerin bu hak
üzerindeki yetkisini kısıtlayabilmekteydi. Bu çalışmamızda, Türk hukuk tarihinde mülkiyet hakkının
gelişimi ele alınacaktır.

5th Generation Fighter Jets and Their Role in 21st Century Military Strategy

Kamil Aykutalp GÜNDÜZ — 2025-07-21

Fifth-generation fighter jets are revolutionary aircraft that represent the cutting edge of modern
aviation technology. These aircraft have made a huge leap forward compared to previous generations with
technological innovations that have fundamentally changed the paradigms of traditional air warfare.
Features such as stealth technology, advanced sensor fusion, network-centric warfare capabilities, and
high situational awareness have transformed these aircraft into not only air superiority platforms but also
critical elements of information warfare. The most distinctive feature of this generation of aircraft is their
low radar signature, achieved through exterior coatings that minimize radar wave reflection and internal
weapon bays. Artificial intelligence-enabled mission computers, advanced electronic warfare and
countermeasure systems, and software that integrates data from multiple sensors to reduce pilot workload
make these aircraft truly intelligent systems. The number of countries with this technology is quite limited
worldwide. While the United States maintains its leadership with the F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II,
China's Chengdu J-20, Russia's Su-57, and Turkey's KAAN (TF-X) project are significant developments
in this field. Turkey has taken a significant step toward becoming the fourth country to possess this
technology with its successful first flight in 2023.

Türk Anayasa Hukukunda Yasama Dokunulmazlığı

Öğr Gör. Kaan Düzdemir — 2025-07-21

Demokratik bir ülkenin vatandaşları olan bireyler, siyasi düşüncelerini sağlıklı şekilde devlet
yönetimine yansıtmak istemeleri en doğal haklarıdır. Bu isteğin bir sonucu olarak temsili demokrasi
dediğimiz kavram ortaya çıkmıştır. Temsili demokrasi, bireylerin oy vermek suretiyle belirledikleri
temsilciler aracılığı ile savundukları siyasi görüşlerinin siyasi arenada en iyi şekilde ifade edilmesi
bakımından bir araçtır. Ülkemizde, temsili demokrasi uygulanmaktır. Yani, vatandaşların oyları ile
seçilen milletvekilleri, meclis çatısı altında vatandaşların siyasi görüşlerini devlet yönetimde uygulamaya
çalışmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmalarını da sağlıklı ve demokratik bir ortamda sürdürmeleri son derece önem
arz etmektedir. Dolayısıyla, vatandaşların siyasi fikirlerini yansıtan milletvekillerinin başta ifade
özgürlükleri olmak üzere yasama faaliyetlerinin engellenmemesi hususu son derece önemlidir.
Milletvekillerinin her türlü baskıdan ve mesnetsiz bir itham altında kalma korkusu olmadan kendilerine
oy veren veya vermeyen vatandaşların sorunlarını meclis çatısında altında yansıtmaları demokratik bir
devlette olmazsa olmaz bir unsurdur. Anayasa koyucu da bu gerekçeler ışığında düşünmek suretiyle
Anayasamızın 83. maddesinde yasama dokunulmazlığı başlığı altında bu hususu düzenlemiştir. Bu başlık
altında yasama dokunulmazlığı ve yasama sorumsuzluğu kavramları düzenlenmiştir. Yasama
sorumsuzluğu, milletvekillerinin meclis içinde veya dışında sarf ettikleri sözlerden dolayı hukuki ve cezai
sorumluluklarının gündeme gelmemesi açısından önemlidir. Buna karşın yasama dokunulmazlığı ise
milletvekillerinin kural olarak suç teşkil eden fiillerinden milletvekili sıfatına haiz oldukları süre boyunca
yargılanmamaları yani yasama faaliyetinin kesintiye uğramaması amacıyla uygulanan bir müessesedir. Bu
iki müessese anayasamızın 83. Maddesinde yasama dokunulmazlığı başlığı altında düzenlenmiştir. Bu
çalışmamızda yasama dokunulmazlığının önemini ve anayasamızda düzenlenen hükümler çerçevesince
ifade ettiği anlamın ne olduğunu ele alınacaktır.

Vergilendirme Süreçlerinde Yapay Zekâ Uygulamaları: Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı’nın Dijital Dönüşümü

Ebru DEMİKIRAN ADA — 2025-07-21

Yapay zekâ, son yıllarda pek çok sektörde olduğu gibi vergi idaresi alanında da büyük bir dönüşüm
yaratmaktadır. Türkiye'de Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı (GİB), dijitalleşme sürecinde yapay zekâ destekli çeşitli
vergi uygulamaları geliştirmiştir. Bu uygulamalar, veri toplama, karmaşık işlemleri analiz etme,
sınıflandırma ve vergi hasılatı tahminleri gibi alanlarda kullanılmakta ve vergi idaresinin süreçlerini
hızlandırmaktadır. Yapay zekâ, özellikle vergi kaçakçılığı tespiti, mükellef profilleme ve risk analizi gibi
kritik alanlarda etkili bir araç haline gelmiştir. Dijital dönüşüm süreçleri çerçevesinde geliştirilen yapay
zekâ destekli vergi uygulamaları sayesinde vergi mükelleflerinin işlemleri daha hızlı, doğru ve güvenli bir
şekilde gerçekleştirmelerine olanak tanınmaktadır. Özellikle GİB web sitesinde yer alan “GİBİ” isimli
chatbot, diğer bir adıyla “Dijital Vergi Asistanı”, bu dijital uygulamalardan biridir ve mükelleflerin vergi
işlemlerini daha hızlı, doğru ve güvenli bir şekilde gerçekleştirmelerine olanak tanır. Yapay zekâ destekli
Dijital Vergi Asistanı, mükelleflerin beyanname verme, ödeme ve bilgilendirme işlemlerini kolaylaştırarak
vergi idaresinin verimliliğini artırmaktadır. Ayrıca, vergi kayıp ve kaçaklarını azaltmak, vergi uyumunu
güçlendirmek ve sistemin şeffaflık ve etkinliğini artırmak için önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Ayrıca GİB, e
Beyanname, e-Fatura ve Dijital Vergi Dairesi gibi projelerle dijital dönüşüm sürecini hızlandırmış, vergi
mükelleflerinin süreçlere uyumunu artırmıştır. Sonuç olarak, yapay zekâ, vergi idaresinin etkinliğini
artırarak vergi kayıplarını minimize etmekte ve mükelleflerin vergiye uyumunu sağlamaktadır.

Performance and Security Analysis of ACO-AODV Protocol in Urban VANET Environments

Neila Berrekhchi Berrahma — 2025-07-21

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) play a central role in the development of Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS) by enabling efficient communication between vehicles (V2V) and with
road infrastructure (V2I). Although they offer significant advantages in terms of security, traffic
management and mobility, their highly dynamic structure makes them vulnerable to attacks, especially
the Blackhole attack, which seriously compromises communications reliability.
In previous work, we proposed ACO-AODV, an enhanced version of the AODV protocol that
incorporates Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) principles. This bio-inspired mechanism improves route
selection by considering signal strength, latency, and available bandwidth.
In this study, we compare the performance of the ACO-AODV protocol under normal conditions with
that of the ACO-AODV-B protocol, exposed to a Blackhole attack.
Our objective is to evaluate the endurance of the ACO-based approach against malicious behavior by
analyzing key performance metrics such as packet delivery rate (PDR), average end-to-end delay and
normalized routing load.
Simulation results reveal a marked degradation in performance under attack, highlighting the limitations
of the current protocol and emphasizing the need for integrated detection and mitigation techniques to
strengthen VANET security.

Non-Cooperative Game Theory-Based Dynamic Resource Management for Optimizing Resource Utilization in Java Applications

Ahmet Faruk PALA — 2025-07-21

This study aims to optimize the utilization of critical system resources such as CPU and memory
in modern Spring Boot-based web applications. Different Spring Beans (services, components, controllers)
within the application are modeled as rational players attempting to maximize their own performance. Non
cooperative game theory, specifically Stackelberg and Nash Equilibrium models, is employed to analyze
and manage resource competition among these players. The developed dynamic resource management
system fairly and efficiently distributes resources by instantaneously evaluating each bean’s resource
demand and the overall system status. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed game theory-based
approach significantly increases overall system throughput and reduces resource waste compared to
traditional resource management algorithms. Particularly, JHipster’s modular structure and Spring Boot’s
flexible bean management enhance the applicability of this game theory model. This study makes a
significant contribution to the literature by offering a more equitable, efficient, and dynamic resource
management approach compared to traditional methods.

Artificial Intelligence-Based Optimization Framework for Smart Campus Environments: Enhancing Efficiency, Comfort, and Safety

Abdalhadi Manassra — 2025-07-21

The growing energy demand and operational complexity of modern educational institutions
highlight the need for intelligent and sustainable energy management. This thesis introduces an artificial
intelligent (AI)-based energy optimization framework tailored for smart campuses (SCs), aiming to reduce
energy consumption, enhance user comfort, and improve safety. The proposed system integrates real-time
data from IoT sensors—monitoring variables such as temperature, humidity, occupancy, lighting, CO₂, and
motion—with machine learning algorithms including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Convolutional
Neural Networks (CNN), and Reinforcement Learning (RL).
The architecture consists of three core layers: sensing, communication, and computation. Edge devices
(e.g., Raspberry Pi, Jetson Nano) perform local data preprocessing and communicate with a centralized AI
server using MQTT protocols. The AI engine analyzes incoming data, prioritizes safety events, adjusts
environmental conditions to ensure comfort, and applies optimization techniques to minimize energy use.
Based on architectural design and literature-aligned estimations, the system demonstrates a potential energy
saving of approximately 59.125%, translating to substantial financial benefits and a shorter payback period
for large campuses. Additional features include vision-based safety monitoring, anomaly detection, and
adaptive learning capabilities.
Although implementation is currently at the design stage, this framework offers a scalable and realistic
solution for smart campus (SC) transformation. Future work will focus on real-world deployment, system
validation, and integration of cybersecurity and user-centric features.

Towards Hybrid Strategies for Classifying Subjects in Scientific Publications: Comparing Traditional, ML and Model-Driven Methods

Ayberk BALTACI — 2025-07-21

In today’s rapidly evolving research landscape, the exponential growth of digital content has
rendered the subject classification of academic publications a critical and increasingly complex task. This
study systematically examines three predominant methodologies employed in subject classification for
scholarly articles: traditional, machine learning-based, and model-driven methods. Traditional methods,
grounded in manual curation and expert-driven evaluation, offer nuanced understanding of complex subject
matter but face limitations in scalability and objectivity. Machine learning-based methods provide
automated processing and efficient handling of large-scale datasets, enabling greater consistency and
adaptability. Meanwhile, model-driven methods—particularly those leveraging natural language
processing and deep neural architectures—offer enhanced capability in detecting latent patterns within
high-dimensional text data.
By integrating these methods, the study proposes a comprehensive and balanced classification
framework that synthesizes the interpretive depth of manual systems, the algorithmic efficiency of machine
learning, and the advanced analytical potential of deep learning models. This synergy facilitates broader
thematic coverage and improved classification accuracy, highlighting how each methodology uniquely
contributes to the overall effectiveness of content analysis. Ultimately, the study not only guides researchers
in selecting suitable classification strategies for academic literature, but also emphasizes how
methodological integration can enhance both the precision and productivity of research workflows. Such
hybrid approaches are essential for navigating the increasing complexity of academic knowledge in a
digitally-driven era.

A Comparative Study of ResNet and SE-ResNet Architectures on Medical Image Datasets

Feyza Gizem GÜLER — 2025-07-21

In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of different deep learning architectures in the task
of medical image synthesis using convolutional neural networks. Our goal is to compare the performance
of standard ResNet architectures (ResNet-18 and ResNet-50) with their Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE)
enhanced counterparts (SE-ResNet-18 and SE-ResNet-50). The evaluation is conducted on three publicly
available medical datasets: CVC-ClinicDB (colorectal polyp images), Messidor2 (retinal images), and Pap
Smear (cervical cell images). For image synthesis, we employ these architectures as generative backbones
and assess the quality of the generated images using both pixel-level metrics Mean Squared Error (MSE)
and perceptual similarity metrics, namely Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) and Kernel Inception Distance
(KID). Experimental results demonstrate that SE-enhanced ResNet architectures outperform their vanilla
counterparts in generating more realistic and perceptually coherent images. Particularly, SE-ResNet-50
achieves the lowest FID and KID scores across all datasets, indicating superior generative quality. These
findings highlight the impact of channel-wise attention mechanisms in enhancing feature representation
and improving medical image synthesis tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that ResNet50 achieves
the best performance across multiple metrics, including LPIPS, FID, KID, and MSE, confirming its
superiority in both perceptual quality and pixel-level accuracy.