Oreochromis niloticus'un Dalak Dokusunda Diazinon'un Neden Olduğu Değişikliklerin Histopatolojik Olarak İncelenmesi
Abstract views: 103
/ 
PDF downloads: 60
Keywords:
Histopatoloji, Dalak, Oreochromis Niloticus, Diazinon, İmmünotoksik DeğişikliklerAbstract
Su ortamlarında, balıklar genellikle çevre kirliliğinin su ekosistemleri üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmek için tercih edilen organizmalar olarak kabul edilir. Histolojik inceleme; kirleticilere maruz kalmanın bir indikatörü olarak, özellikle subletal ve kronik etkiler için kirlilik derecesini değerlendirmede yararlı bir yöntemdir, çünkü pestisitlerin eser seviyeleri, verilen bir periyotta hayvanın ölümüne neden olmaz, fakat bu seviyeler, organlarda önemli zararlar meydana getirme etkisinde olabilirler. Fonksiyonlardaki değişiklikler hücresel seviye ve dokulardaki değişikliklerle başlatılır. Su ekosistemlerinde meydana gelen bir kirlenmeyi belirlemek için örnek canlılarda yapılacak histolojik incelemeler, o ekosistemin sağlığı açısından bize yararlı bilgiler sunabilir. Balık türlerinde dalak birincil lenfoid organlardan biridir ve ayrıca kan hücrelerinin oluşumu ve antijenlerin depolanması açısından en önemli organdır. Ayrıca balıklardaki hastalıklara ve kirleticilere karşı oluşan savunma mekanizmasıyla da bağlantılıdır. Bu çalışmada, ışık mikroskobu ile diazinon standardının subletal konsantrasyonuna maruz bırakılan Oreochromis niloticus'un dalak dokusunda maruziyet süresine bağlı olarak histopatolojik değişikliklerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında balıklar 21 gün süreyle 280 µg/L (LC50/10) diazinona maruz bırakılmıştır. Daha sonra 7., 14. ve 21. günlerde dalak dokusunda meydana gelen histopatolojik değişiklikler ışık mikroskobu ile incelenmiştir. Histopatolojik inceleme sonucunda dalak dokusunda melanomakrofaj merkezleri, piknoz, hipertrofi ve nekroz saptanmıştır. Bu değişikliklerin şiddeti, maruz kalma süresiyle birlikte artmıştır. Bu sonuçlara göre, diazinon'un Oreochromis niloticus'un dalak dokusunda çevresel kontaminasyonun immünotoksik biyobelirteçleri olarak kullanılabilecek histopatolojik değişikliklere neden olduğu varsayılabilir.
References
Yıldırım E. (2008) Tarımsal Zararlılarla Mücadele Yöntemleri ve İlaçlar, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ofset Tesisi, Erzurum.
Cengiz EI (2006) Gill and kidney histopathology in the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio after acute exposure to delamethrin. Environ Toxicol Pharm 22(2):200–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2006.03.006.
Leight AK, Van Dolah RF (1999) Acute toxicity of the insecticides endosulfan, chlorpyrifos and malathion to the epibenthic estuarine amphipod Gammarus palustris (Bousfield). Environ Toxicol Chem 18(5):958-964. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180521.
Gültekin F, Delibas N, Yasar S, Kılınç I (2001) In vivo changes in antioxidant systems and protective role of melatonin and a combination of Vitamin C and Vitamin E on oxidative damage in erythrocytes induced by chlorpyrifos-ethyl in Rat. Arch Toxicol 75:88-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002040100219.
Hazarika A, Sankar AN, Hajare S, Kataria M, Malik JK (2003) Influence of malathion pretreatment on toxicity of anilofos in male rats: a biochemical ınteraction study. Toxicology 185:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00574-7.
Kaur R, Sandhu HS (2008) In vivo changes in antioxidant system and protective role of selenium in chlorpyrifos-induced subcronic toxicity in Bubalus bubalis. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 26:45-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2008.01.004
Giordano G, Afsharinejad Z, Guizetti M, Vitalone A, Kavanagh JT, Costa GL (2007) Organophosphorus insecticides chlorphyrifos and diazinon and oxidative stress in neuronal cells in a genetic model of glutathione deficiency. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 219:181-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2006.09.016.
Abass A, Kudi AC, Moodi AJ (2011) Spontaneous reactivation and aging kinetics of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by dichlorvos and diazinon. J Toxicol Sci 36: 237–241. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.36.237.
Rauf A, Arain, N (2013) Acute toxicity of diazinon and its effects on hematological parameters in the Indian carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Turk J Vet Anim Sci 37: 535-540. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1212-39.
El-Sherif MS, Ahmed MT, El-Danasoury MA, El-Nwish NHK (2009) Evaluation of diazinon toxicity on nile tilapia fish (O. niloticus). J Fish Aquat Sci 4(4):169-177. https://doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2009.169.177
Cavas S, Ergene-Gözükara S (2005) Induction of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in Oreochromis niloticus following exposure to petroleum refinery and chromium processing plant effluents. Aquat Toxicol 74:264-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.06.001.
Almedia JA, Diniz YS, Marques SFG, Faine LA, Ribas BO, Burneiko RC, Novelli ELB (2002) The use of the oxidative stress responses as biomarkers in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to in vivo cadmium contamination. Environ Int 27(8):673-679. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00127-1.
Dönmez AE (2016) Melanomacrophage centers in fishes. EgeJFAS 33(1):81-87.
Ocak F (2006) Lenfoid organs and the properties of immune system in fish (in Turkish with English abstract). Journal of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University 3(1):61-66.
Lawrence AJ, Hemingway KL (2003) Effects of Pollution on Fish. UK. 144-153.
Sundaresan M (2014) Ultrastructure of spleen in the freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters). European Academic Research 2(2):2894-2908.
Li XY, Liu L, Zhang YN, Fang Q, Li YY, Li YL (2013) Toxic effects of chlorpyrifos on lysozyme activities, the contents of complement C3 and IgM, and IgM and complement C3 expressions in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Chemosphere, 93(2):428-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.023
Ma JG, Li YY, Niu DC, Li Y, Li XY (2014) Immunological effects of paraquat on common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Fish Shellfish Immunol 37(1):166-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.01.015
Ma JG, Li XY (2015) Transcription alteration of immunologic parameters and histopathological damage in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) caused by paraquat. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 29(1):21-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.21602
Díaz-Resendiz KJG, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Covantes-Rosales CE, Trujillo-Lepe AM, Toledo-Ibarra GA, Ventura-Ramón GH, Girón-Pérez MI (2019) Effect of diazinon, an organophosphate pesticide, on signal transduction and death induction in mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 89, 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.036
Bernet D, Schmidt H, Meier W, Burkhardt-Holm P, Wahli T (1999) Histopathology in fish: proposal for a protocol to assess aquatic pollution. J Fish Dis 22(1):25-35. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.1999.00134.x
Segner H, Braunbeck T (1998) Cellular response profile to chemical stress.In: Schuurmann G, Markert B (ed) Ecotoxicology: Ecological Fundamentals, Chemical Exposure, and Biological Effects. Wley-Liss, New York, USA, pp 521-569.
Zapata A, Diez B, Cejalvo T, Gutierrez-de Frias C, Corte A (2006) Ontogeny of the immune system of fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 20:126-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2004.09.005
Uribe C, Folch H, Enriquez R, Moran G (2011) Innate and adaptive immunity in teleost fish: a review. Vet Med 56(10):486-503.
Osman AGM, Abd-El Reheem AM, AbuelFadl KY, GadEl- Rab AG (2010) Enzymatic and histopathologic biomarkers as indicators of aquatic pollution in fishes. Natural Science 2(11):1302-1311. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2010.211158
Liebe S, Tomotake MEM, Ribeiro CAO (2013) Fish histopathology as biomarker to evaluate water quality. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Contamination 8(2):09-15. https://doi.org/10.5132/eec.2013.02.002
Garcia-Abiado MA, Mbahinzireki G, Rinchard J, Lee KJ, Dabrowski K (2004) Effect of diets structure in tilapia, Oreochromis sp., reared in a recirculating system. J Fish Dis 27:359-368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00551.x
David M, Kartheek RM (2015) Histopathological alterations in spleen of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentration of sodium cyanide. Open Vet J 5(1):1-5.
Guo TL, White KL (2010) Methods to Assess Immunotoxicity. In: McQueen CA (ed) Comprehensive Toxicology. 2nd Edition, Elsevier, pp 567-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-046884-6.00633-3
Miller MA, Zachary JF (2017) Mechanisms and morphology of cellular injury, adaptation, and death. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease 19:2-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-35775-3.00001-1
Capkin E, Terzi E, Boran H, Yandi I, Altinok I (2010) Effects of some pesticides on the vital organs of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Tissue and Cell 42:376–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2010.10.001
Karim A, Ahmad N, Ali W (2016) Histopathological changes in spleen and kidney of silver carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix) after acute exposure to deltamethrin. Biologia (Pakistan) 62 (1):139-144.
Farhan M, Wajid A, Hussain T, Jabeen F, Ishaque U, Iftikhar M, Daim MA, Noureen A (2021) Investigation of oxidative stress enzymes and histological alterations in tilapia exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:13105–13111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11528-y
Hou L, Liu K, Li Y, Ma S, Ji X, Liu L (2016) Necrotic pyknosis is a morphologically and biochemically distinct event from apoptotic pyknosis. J Cell Sci 129:3084-3090. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.184374
Kranz H (1989) Changes in splenic melano-macrophage centres of dab Limanda limanda during and after infection with ulcer disease. Dis Aquat Org 6:167-173.
Ferreira CMH (2011) Can fish liver melanomacrophages be modulated by xenoestrogenic and xenoandrogenic pollutants? Experimental studies on the influences of temperature, sex, and ethynylestradiol, using the platyfish as the model organism. Master of Science Thesis, Universidade de Porto, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, 53 p.
Van der Oost R, Beyer J, Vermeulen NPE (2003) Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 13:57-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1382-6689(02)00126-6
Faccioli CK, Chedid RA, Bombonato MTS, Vicentini CA, Vicentin IBF (2014) Morphology and histochemistry of the liver of Carnivorous fish Hemisorubim platyrhynchos. Int J Morphol 32(2):715-720. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022014000200055.
Ledic-Neto J, Dotta G, Garcia P, Brum A, Gonçalves TEL, Martins ML (2014) Haematology and melanomacrophage centers of Nile tilapia fed supplemented diet with propolis. Acta Sci Biol Sci 36(3):263-269. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v36i3.22024.
