Advances in Synthesis, Characterization, and Industrial Applications of Phenol Formaldehyde Resins
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Keywords:
Phenol Formaldehyde, Reaction Parameters, Resin Properties, Characterization, OptimizationAbstract
In this research, it has been determined that the ratio of phenol to formaldehyde is an important
factor in determining the properties of the resulting resin. In experimental studies, a molar ratio (1/1.5) of
phenol/formaldehyde is used. With higher phenol ratios, resins with better thermal stability and chemical
resistance are obtained. However, considering production costs, optimization studies have been carried
out according to the final product's desired characteristics and the application's special requirements. It
appears that the amounts of phenol and formaldehyde used in the production process depend on the
phenol/formaldehyde ratio selected according to the desired properties. In the reaction between phenol
and formaldehyde to form phenol formaldehyde resin (PFR), high temperature, and pressure can be
preferred to facilitate the reaction and achieve higher yield. In this study, physical interactions and
chemical reactions are monitored at atmospheric pressure at temperatures of 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, and 100
°C. According to the results obtained the bulk density of PFR decreases as the production temperature
increases. Additionally, increasing the production temperature increases Shore D hardness of PFR. At low
production temperatures, the thermal conductivity of PFR is also low. Sulfuric acid is used to catalyze the
chemical reaction between phenol and formaldehyde. The manufacturing process of PFR is often
optimized through experimental trials to maximize resin yield, quality, and cost-effectiveness. The
production of PFR depends on the ratio of phenol to formaldehyde, amounts of reactants, reaction
conditions, catalyst selection, and optimization parameters. According to these factors, efficient and cost
effective resin production is envisaged in industrial applications.
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