Investigation of Mechanical Strength Recovery and Self-Healing Efficiency of Bio-Mineralized Sustainable Concrete
Abstract views: 10
/ 
PDF downloads: 5
Keywords:
Steel Slag Aggregate, Sustainability, Autonomous Healing, Bacillus Subtilis, Compressive StrengthAbstract
The current research investigates the self-healing capability of concrete containing steel slag
aggregates (SS) by incorporating bacteria into fine aggregates and SS. Using vacuum impregnation,
vegetative cells of the Bacillus subtilis bacterium are introduced to enhance the efficiency of the concrete
healing mechanism. Concrete specimens are subjected to cracking up to 85% of their strength, followed by
evaluations of crack healing widths and strength recovery over different curing periods. The findings of
this study revealed that SS serves as an effective medium for bacterial growth, achieving crack healing
widths of 0.65 mm and a 74.2% recovery in the strength index. Bacteria immobilized by combining 50%
fine aggregates with SS demonstrated optimal healing efficiency, showing a crack width of 1.023 mm at
early pre-crack stages and 0.56 mm at later stages. The direct use and combined integration of 50% fine
aggregates with SS resulted in compressive strength improvements of 4.3% and 7.8%, respectively. The
mix containing 50% fine aggregates and SS exhibited the highest split-tensile strength, with a 41.67%
increase compared to the control mix.
Downloads
References
Ghorbani, S., et al., Effect of crushed concrete waste’s maximum size as partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2019. 149: p. 664-673.
Lie, T., Fire resistance of circular steel columns filled with bar-reinforced concrete. Journal of structural engineering, 1994. 120(5): p. 1489-1509.
Etxeberria, M., et al., Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and concrete research, 2007. 37(5): p. 735-742.
Tam, V.W., et al., Effect of fly ash and slag on concrete: Properties and emission analyses. Frontiers of Engineering Management, 2019. 6(3): p. 395-405.
Khaliq, W. and M.B. Ehsan, Crack healing in concrete using various bio influenced self-healing techniques. Construction and Building Materials, 2016. 102: p. 349-357.
Portland Cement A. Types and Causes of Concrete Deterioration. PCA R&D Special N. 2617, pp. 1–16. 2002.
Zhang, J., et al., Immobilizing bacteria in expanded perlite for the crack self-healing in concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2017. 148: p. 610-617.
Dry, C., Three designs for the internal release of sealants, adhesives, and waterproofing chemicals into concrete to reduce permeability. Cement and Concrete Research, 2000. 30(12): p. 1969-1977.
Dry, C., M. Corsaw, and E. Bayer, A comparison of internal self-repair with resin injection in repair of concrete. Journal of adhesion science and technology, 2003. 17(1): p. 79-89.
Dry, C. and M. Corsaw, A time-release technique for corrosion prevention. Cement and Concrete Research, 1998. 28(8): p. 1133-1140.
Sisomphon, K., O. Copuroglu, and A. Fraaij, Application of encapsulated lightweight aggregate impregnated with sodium monofluorophosphate as a self-healing agent in blast furnace slag mortar. Heron, 56 (1/2), 2011.
Thao, T.D.P., et al., Implementation of self-healing in concrete–Proof of concept. The IES Journal Part A: Civil & Structural Engineering, 2009. 2(2): p. 116-125.
Van Tittelboom, K., et al., Use of bacteria to repair cracks in concrete. Cement and concrete research, 2010. 40(1): p. 157-166.
Liu, C., et al., Self-healing concrete with recycled coarse aggregate: The performance of biochemical-chloride ion transport. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022: p. 104925.
Chen, Q., W. Li, and Z. Jiang, Theoretical estimation of the elastic moduli of self-healing concrete relevant to the evolution of cracks closing due to crystallization-and precipitation-based mechanism. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022: p. 104995.
Jonkers, H.M. and E. Schlangen. Crack repair by concrete-immobilized bacteria. in Proceedings of the first international conference on self healing materials. 2007.
Lv, Z. and D. Chen, Overview of recent work on self-healing in cementitious materials. Materiales de Construcción, 2014. 64(316): p. e034-e034.
Minnebo, P., et al., A novel design of autonomously healed concrete: Towards a vascular healing network. Materials, 2017. 10(1): p. 49.
Wiktor, V. and H.M. Jonkers, Quantification of crack-healing in novel bacteria-based self-healing concrete. Cement and concrete composites, 2011. 33(7): p. 763-770.
Khushnood, R.A., et al., Self-healing fungi concrete using potential strains Rhizopus oryzae and Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022. 50: p. 104155.
Lauch, K.-S., J.-P. Charron, and C. Desmettre, Comprehensive evaluation of self-healing of concrete with different admixtures under laboratory and long-term outdoor expositions. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022: p. 104661.
Wang, J.-Y., N. De Belie, and W. Verstraete, Diatomaceous earth as a protective vehicle for bacteria applied for self-healing concrete. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2012. 39(4): p. 567-577.
Moreira, T.N.d.C., et al., Self-healing of slag-cement ultra-high performance steel fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) containing sisal fibers as healing conveyor. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022: p. 104638.
Restuccia, L., et al., New self-healing techniques for cement-based materials. Procedia Structural Integrity, 2017. 3: p. 253-260.
ASTM-C150/C150M-19a, Standard Specification for Portland Cement, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. 2019.
ASTM-C191, Standard Test Methods for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle, ASTM C 191, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA 19428–2959, United States. 2013.
KS F 2527. Concrete Aggregate; Korean Standards Association: Seoul, Korea, 2018.
JIS A 5015. Iron and Steel Slag for Road Construction; Japanese Standards Association: Tokyo, Japan, 2018.
Khushnood, R.A., et al., Bio-inspired self-healing cementitious mortar using Bacillus subtilis immobilized on nano-/micro-additives. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2019. 30(1): p. 3-15.
Schwantes-Cezario, N., et al., Bioprecipitation of calcium carbonate induced by Bacillus subtilis isolated in Brazil. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2017. 123: p. 200-205.
Ramachandran, S.K., V. Ramakrishnan, and S.S. Bang, Remediation of concrete using micro-organisms. ACI Materials Journal-American Concrete Institute, 2001. 98(1): p. 3-9.
Dechesne, A., et al., The porous surface model, a novel experimental system for online quantitative observation of microbial processes under unsaturated conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2008. 74(16): p. 5195-5200.
Borkowski, A., M. Szala, and T. Cłapa, Adsorption studies of the Gram-negative bacteria onto nanostructured silicon carbide. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 2015. 175(3): p. 1448-1459.
ASTM-C494/C494M-17, Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. 2017.
Xu, J. and W. Yao, Multiscale mechanical quantification of self-healing concrete incorporating non-ureolytic bacteria-based healing agent. Cement and concrete research, 2014. 64: p. 1-10.
Shaheen, N. and R.A. Khushnood, Bioimmobilized limestone powder for autonomous healing of cementitious systems: a feasibility study. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2018. 2018.
Jonkers, H.M., et al., Application of bacteria as self-healing agent for the development of sustainable concrete. Ecological engineering, 2010. 36(2): p. 230-235.
Kalhori, H. and R. Bagherpour, Application of carbonate precipitating bacteria for improving properties and repairing cracks of shotcrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2017. 148: p. 249-260.
Luo, M., C.-x. Qian, and R.-y. Li, Factors affecting crack repairing capacity of bacteria-based self-healing concrete. Construction and building materials, 2015. 87: p. 1-7.
Li, M., et al., Biomineralization in metakaolin modified cement mortar to improve its strength with lowered cement content. Journal of hazardous materials, 2017. 329: p. 178-184.
Gupta, S., S. Dai Pang, and H.W. Kua, Autonomous healing in concrete by bio-based healing agents–A review. Construction and Building Materials, 2017. 146: p. 419-428.
