Assessment of Technogenic Effects on the Water Quality of Major Iraqi Rivers

Abstract

Iraq’s major rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Diyala, and Shatt Al-Arab are experiencing significant water quality degradation due to industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and urban wastewater. This study assesses the water quality of these rivers using the Water Quality Index (WQI) and laboratory analyses of physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Water samples were collected from upstream, midstream, and downstream locations to evaluate spatial variations in pollution levels.

Findings reveal that while most river sections are classified as “fair,” water quality deteriorates to “poor” in the Shatt Al-Arab due to high levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metals. Urban and industrial zones exhibit higher contamination, with heavy metals surpassing permissible limits, posing risks to public health and aquatic ecosystems. Nutrient-rich agricultural runoff has also contributed to eutrophication and reduced dissolved oxygen levels. Additionally, inefficient wastewater treatment systems and weak environmental regulations exacerbate pollution.

The study underscores the urgent need for integrated water resource management strategies, including stricter pollution controls, improved wastewater treatment infrastructure, and sustainable agricultural practices. Drawing from international case studies, it recommends policy interventions and technological advancements to enhance water quality. This comprehensive assessment of technogenic pollution’s impact on Iraqi rivers provides valuable insights for decision-makers, aiming to promote sustainable water management and long-term environmental conservation.