The Influence of Age and Breed on the Prevalence of Canine Leishmaniasis in Albania

Abstract

Canine Leishmaniasis (CanL), caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted by
phlebotomine sand flies, remains a significant zoonotic and veterinary health concern in Albania, a
country considered highly endemic within the Mediterranean Basin. This study investigates the influence
of intrinsic host factors such as age and breed on the prevalence of CanL in Albanian dog population.
Overall seroprevalence estimates in Albania have historically varied, with more recent figures indicating
a substantial public health threat, particularly in specific geographical districts. Age was consistently
identified as a risk factor, with infection rates often showing an elevated risk in young dogs aged (0-3
years), with a prevalence value of 11.4 % and dogs aged (6-9 years) with a value of 12.9 %. From the
survey resulted that certain breeds, such as the Mix Breed (17%) followed by Belgian Shepherd (12.5%)
and German Shepherd (9.8%), were frequently represented among most infected populations, suggesting
potential genetic susceptibility, though further controlled studies are warranted. A clear understanding of
these host-specific risk factors is crucial for targeted surveillance, vector control, and mitigating the
associated human health risk.