Agricultural Waste Management: A Review of Sources, Classification, and Sustainable Strategies
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Keywords:
Waste, Agriculture, Crop production, Animal production, SustainableAbstract
Agricultural waste (AW) represents one of the largest global waste streams, posing major
challenges for environmental sustainability, economic efficiency, and public health. Generated from both
crop and livestock production, AW includes diverse organic and inorganic fractions requiring different
handling approaches. Improper disposal of AW leads to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, nutrient runoff,
and resource depletion. However, the transition toward circular economy frameworks has redefined AW as
a resource for bioenergy, biofertilizer, and other value-added products. This review comprehensively
explores the sources, classification, and composition of agricultural waste, as well as traditional disposal
and innovative valorization strategies. Organic wastes from livestock (manure, bedding, feed residues) and
crops (straw, husks, leaves) are analyzed with respect to their nutrient potential, biogas generation, and
composting efficiency. Inorganic wastes such as plastics, packaging materials, and agrochemical containers
are discussed in terms of recycling feasibility and regulatory compliance. Emphasis is placed on advanced
technologies such as anaerobic digestion, thermochemical conversion, and biorefinery systems that enable
nutrient recovery, renewable energy production, and pollution reduction. The paper further outlines policy
recommendations and sustainable management frameworks to promote integrated AW management in line
with circular economy principles.
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